Table 1. Prevalence of Smoke-Free–Home Rules Among Women With Infants (n = 41,535), Overall and by Characteristic, PRAMS 2004–2008a .
| Characteristic | Complete Rule, % (95% CI) (n = 38,084 | Partial Rule, % (95% CI) (n = 2,883) | No Rule, % (95% CI) (n = 568) | P Valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 94.6 (94.4–94.9) | 4.6 (4.3–4.8) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | |
| Postpartum smoking status (n = 40,586) | ||||
| Nonsmoker during pregnancy and postpartum | 97.0 (96.8–97.3) | 2.5 (2.3–2.7) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | <.001 |
| Quit and remained quit postpartum | 95.1 (93.6–96.3) | 4.5 (3.4–6.1) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | |
| Quit and relapsed postpartum | 89.2 (87.3–90.9) | 9.1 (7.6–10.9) | 1.6 (1.0–2.7) | |
| Smoker during pregnancy and postpartum | 78.6 (77.1–80.1) | 18.4 (17.0–19.8) | 3.0 (2.5–3.6) | |
| Age, y (n = 41,528) | ||||
| <20 | 87.6 (86.1–88.9) | 10.9 (9.6–12.3) | 1.6 (1.1–2.1) | <.001 |
| 20–24 | 91.3 (90.6–92.0) | 7.4 (6.7–8.1) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | |
| 25–34 | 96.4 (96.0–96.7) | 3.0 (2.8–3.3) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | |
| ≥35 | 97.0 (96.4–97.5) | 2.7 (2.2–3.3) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | |
| Race/ethnicity (n = 41,507) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 94.6 (94.3–95.0) | 4.5 (4.2–4.9) | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | <.001 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 86.5 (85.3–87.6) | 12.0 (10.9–13.1) | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | |
| Hispanic | 97.3 (96.8–97.7) | 2.3 (1.9–2.8) | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) | |
| Other | 96.6 (95.9–97.1) | 2.8 (2.3–3.5) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | |
| Education, y (n = 41,206) | ||||
| <12 | 90.5 (89.5–91.3) | 8.0 (7.3–8.9) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | <.001 |
| 12 | 91.5 (90.8–92.1) | 7.2 (6.6–7.8) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | |
| >12 | 97.5 (97.2–97.7) | 2.2 (2.0–2.5) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | |
| Annual income, $ (n = 38,759) | ||||
| <10,000 | 88.5 (87.6–89.4) | 9.9 (9.0–10.7) | 1.7 (1.3–2.0) | <.001 |
| 10,000–14,999 | 90.8 (89.6–91.9) | 7.9 (6.9–9.1) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | |
| 15,000–19,999 | 92.3 (90.8–93.6) | 6.7 (5.5–8.2) | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | |
| 20,000–24,999 | 93.3 (92.0–94.4) | 5.9 (4.9–7.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | |
| 25,000–34,999 | 95.1 (94.2–95.9) | 3.9 (3.2–4.8) | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | |
| 35,000–49,999 | 97.2 (96.5–97.8) | 2.2 (1.7–2.8) | 0.6 (0.3–0.9) | |
| ≥50,000 | 98.3 (98.0–98.6) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | |
| Previous live births, no. (n = 41,287) | ||||
| 0 | 94.5 (94.1–95.0) | 4.7 (4.3–5.1) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | .50 |
| ≥1 | 94.6 (94.2–94.9) | 4.6 (4.3–4.9) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | |
| Marital status (n = 41,512) | ||||
| Married | 97.1 (96.8–97.3) | 2.4 (2.2–2.7) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | <.001 |
| Unmarried | 89.8 (89.1–90.4) | 8.8 (8.3–9.4) | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | |
| Insurance coverage during pregnancy (n = 41,017) | ||||
| Medicaid | 90.3 (89.7–90.9) | 8.3 (7.7–8.9) | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | <.001 |
| Other | 97.3 (97.1–97.6) | 2.3 (2.1–2.6) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | |
| Uninsured | 94.2 (93.3–95.1) | 4.7 (3.9–5.6) | 1.1 (0.7–1.5) | |
| Infant delivery year (n = 41,535) | ||||
| 2004 | 92.6 (91.9–93.2) | 6.3 (5.7–6.9) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | <.001 |
| 2005 | 94.0 (93.3–94.6) | 5.1 (4.6–5.8) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | |
| 2006 | 95.0 (94.4–95.5) | 4.4 (3.9–5.0) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | |
| 2007 | 95.6 (95.1–96.1) | 3.8 (3.3–4.3) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | |
| 2008 | 95.7 (95.0–96.2) | 3.6 (3.1–4.2) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | |
| Infant age, mo (n = 40,558) | ||||
| <3 | 95.9 (95.3–96.4) | 3.6 (3.1–4.2) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | <.001 |
| 3–5 | 94.4 (94.1–94.8) | 4.7 (4.4–5.1) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | |
| >5 | 93.2 (92.2–94.1) | 5.6 (4.9–6.6) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | |
| State (n = 41,535) | ||||
| Arkansas | 85.4 (84.4–86.2) | 12.3 (11.5–13.2) | 2.3 (2.0–2.7) | <.001 |
| Maine | 92.4 (91.5–93.1) | 6.6 (5.9–7.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | |
| New Jersey | 94.5 (94.0–95.0) | 4.8 (4.3–5.2) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | |
| Oregon | 98.1 (97.6–98.5) | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) | 0.3 (0.2–0.6) | |
| Washington | 97.2 (96.6–97.7) | 2.4 (1.9–2.9) | 0.4 (0.3–0.7) | |
Abbreviations: PRAMS, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System; CI, confidence interval.
a PRAMS data from 5 states (Arkansas, Maine, New Jersey, Oregon, and Washington). All n’s are unweighted. Smoke-free–home rules were determined by asking the following question: “Which of the following statements best describes the rules about smoking inside your home now?” Respondents were categorized as having complete rules (“no one was allowed to smoke anywhere inside my home”); partial rules (“smoking was allowed in some rooms or at some times”); or no rules (“smoking was permitted anywhere inside my home”).
b Determined by χ2 test.