Table IV.
Demographics, lifestyle and genes as risk factors among VC-exposed workers
| Characteristic | No. (%)a | MN frequency (‰) | FR (95% CI) | χ2 | P |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 289 (71.89) | 4.51 ± 2.70 | 1 | ||
| Female | 113 (28.11) | 4.68 ± 2.89 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 0.55 | 0.46 |
| Age | |||||
| Younger (≤35) | 207 (51.49) | 4.08 ± 2.51 | 1 | ||
| Elderly (>35) | 195 (48.51) | 5.06 ± 2.91 | 1.24 (1.13–1.36) | 20.85 | <0.001 |
| Smoke habit | |||||
| Never smoke | 213 (52.99) | 4.43 ± 2.79 | 1 | ||
| Current + former smoke | 189 (47.01) | 4.69 ± 2.71 | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) | 1.50 | 0.22 |
| Drink habit | |||||
| No-habitual + never drink | 289 (71.89) | 4.40 ± 2.74 | 1 | ||
| Habitual drink | 113 (28.11) | 4.96 ± 2.74 | 1.13 (1.02–1.24) | 5.54 | 0.02 |
| Cumulative exposure Dose | |||||
| Low exposure (<4000 mg) | 103 (25.62) | 3.99 ± 2.07 | 1 | ||
| Middle exposure (4000–40 000 mg) | 227 (56.47) | 4.74 ± 2.99 | 1.19 (1.06–1.33) | 8.82 | 0.003 |
| High exposure (>40 000 mg) | 72 (17.91) | 4.78 ± 2.74 | 1.20 (1.04–1.38) | 6.07 | 0.01 |
| GSTM1 | |||||
| − | 158 (39.30) | 4.45 ± 2.62 | |||
| + | 244 (60.70) | 4.62 ± 2.84 | 0.96 (0.88–1.06) | 0.63 | 0.43 |
| GSTT1 | |||||
| − | 209 (51.99) | 4.44 ± 2.87 | 1 | ||
| + | 193 (48.01) | 4.67 ± 2.62 | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | 1.15 | 0.28 |
| GSTP1 Ile105Val | |||||
| Val/Val | 12 (2.98) | 6.33 ± 3.14 | 1 | ||
| Val/Ile | 162 (40.30) | 4.67 ± 2.76 | 0.74 (0.59–0.94) | 6.39 | 0.01 |
| Ile/Ile | 228 (56.72) | 4.38 ± 2.70 | 0.69 (0.55–0.88) | 9.64 | 0.002 |
| Val/Ile + Ile/Ile | 390 (97.02) | 4.50 ± 2.72 | 0.71 (0.57–0.90) | 8.51 | 0.004 |
| CYP2E1 c1/c2 | |||||
| c1c1 | 262 (65.34) | 4.37 ± 2.67 | 1 | ||
| c1c2 | 121 (30.17) | 5.02 ± 2.98 | 1.15 (1.04–1.27) | 7.55 | 0.006 |
| c2c2 | 18 (4.49) | 4.33 ± 1.91 | 0.99 (0.78–1.24) | 0.01 | 0.94 |
| c1c2 + c2c2 | 139 (34.66) | 4.93 ± 2.87 | 1.13 (1.03–1.24) | 6.19 | 0.01 |
| ADH2 Arg48His | |||||
| His/His | 205 (51.12) | 4.49 ± 2.70 | 1 | ||
| Arg/His | 177 (44.14) | 4.59 ± 2.73 | 1.02 (0.93–1.13) | 0.23 | 0.63 |
| Arg/Arg | 19 (4.74) | 5.00 ± 3.54 | 1.11 (0.90–1.37) | 1.01 | 0.32 |
| Arg/His + Arg/Arg | 196 (48.88) | 4.63 ± 2.81 | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 0.46 | 0.50 |
| ALDH2 Glu504Lys | |||||
| Glu/Glu | 192 (48.12) | 4.84 ± 2.73 | 1 | ||
| Glu/Lys | 170 (42.61) | 4.51 ± 2.81 | 0.93 (0.85–1.03) | 2.13 | 0.14 |
| Lys/Lys | 37 (9.27) | 3.38 ± 2.29 | 0.70 (0.58–0.84) | 14.22 | <0.001 |
| Glu/Lys + Lys/Lys | 207 (51.88) | 4.30 ± 2.75 | 0.89 (0.81–0.98) | 6.22 | 0.01 |
| OGG1 Ser326Cys | |||||
| Ser/Ser | 42 (10.45) | 4.12 ± 2.76 | 1 | ||
| Ser/Cys | 201 (50.00) | 4.66 ± 2.83 | 1.13 (0.97–1.34) | 2.24 | 0.14 |
| Cys/Cys | 159 (39.55) | 4.53 ± 2.66 | 1.10 (0.94–1.30) | 1.29 | 0.26 |
| Ser/Cys + Cys/Cys | 360 (89.55) | 4.61 ± 2.75 | 1.12 (0.96–1.31) | 1.95 | 0.16 |
| MGMT Leu84Phe | |||||
| Leu/Leu | 334 (83.08) | 4.60 ± 2.70 | 1 | ||
| Leu/Phe | 68 (16.92) | 4.35 ± 3.01 | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 0.73 | 0.39 |
| XRCC1 Arg280His | |||||
| Arg/Arg | 293 (73.80) | 4.41 ± 2.73 | 1 | ||
| Arg/His | 100 (25.19) | 4.90 ± 2.79 | 1.11 (0.10–1.23) | 3.89 | 0.05 |
| His/His | 4 (1.01) | 6.25 ± 2.87 | 1.42 (0.93–2.06) | 2.97 | 0.09 |
| Arg/His + His/His | 104 (26.20) | 4.95 ± 2.79 | 1.12 (1.01–1.24) | 4.89 | 0.03 |
| P53 Arg72Pro | |||||
| Arg/Arg | 116 (29.29) | 4.77 ± 2.77 | 1 | ||
| Arg/Pro | 193 (48.74) | 4.64 ± 2.76 | 0.97 (0.82–1.18) | 0.24 | 0.62 |
| Pro/Pro | 87 (21.97) | 4.21 ± 2.72 | 0.88 (0.77–1.01) | 3.44 | 0.06 |
| Arg/Pro + Pro/Pro | 280 (70.71) | 4.51 ± 2.75 | 0.95 (0.86–1.05) | 1.21 | 0.27 |
| TDG Gly199Ser | |||||
| Gly/Gly | 264 (65.84) | 4.62 ± 2.82 | 1 | ||
| Gly/Ser | 123 (30.67) | 4.45 ± 2.54 | 0.96 (0.87–1.06) | 0.58 | 0.45 |
| Ser/Ser | 14 (3.49) | 4.14 ± 3.42 | 0.90 (0.68–1.15) | 0.67 | 0.41 |
| Gly/Ser + Ser/Ser | 137 (34.16) | 4.42 ± 2.63 | 0.96 (0.87–1.05) | 0.86 | 0.35 |
P < 0.05 with regard to the corresponding group.
a
Some data were missing due to inability to amplify DNA.