Table 1.
Demographic, lifestyle and physical characteristics
| Idiopathic | Type 1 Diabetic | Type 2 Diabetic | Pairwise P value† |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N=254) | (N=78) | (N=59) | Id vs. | Id vs. | Id vs. | |
| Characteristic | N (% or mean)* | N (% or mean)* | N (% or mean)* | All DM | T1DM | T2DM |
| Demographic: | ||||||
| Gender: Female | 225 (88.6%) | 55 (70.5%) | 45 (76.3%) | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.01 |
| Age at enrollment (years): | 0.02 | 0.03 | <0.001 | |||
| 18 –30 | 76 (29.9%) | 21 (26.9%) | 1 (1.7%) | |||
| 31 – 44 | 82 (32.3%) | 33 (42.3%) | 15 (25.4%) | |||
| 45 –59 | 70 (27.6%) | 23 (29.5%) | 24 (40.7%) | |||
| 60+ | 26 (10.2%) | 1 (1.3%) | 19 (32.2%) | |||
| Average age at enrollment (years) | 41.0 ± 14.2 | 38.9 ± 10.9 | 53.1 ± 11.0 | 0.004 | 0.37 | < 0.001 |
| Ethnicity: any Hispanic | 7 (2.8%) | 7 (9.0%) | 5 (8.5%) | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| Race: | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.01 | |||
| White | 229 (90.2%) | 60 (76.9%) | 45 (76.3%) | |||
| Black | 16 (6.3%) | 13 (16.7%) | 10 (17.0%) | |||
| Other | 9 (3.5%) | 5 (6.4%) | 4 (6.8%) | |||
| Marital status: Married or with partner | 148 (58.3%) | 42 (53.9%) | 38 (64.4%) | 0.98 | 0.49 | 0.39 |
| College degree or higher (yes) | 84 (33.1%) | 15 (19.2%) | 12 (20.3%) | 0.005 | 0.02 | 0.06 |
| Currently employed (yes) | 128 (50.4%) | 27 (34.6%) | 20 (33.9%) | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| Missed work for > 2 weeks from gastroparesis | 82 (32.3%) | 21 (26.9%) | 10 (17.0%) | 0.04 | 0.37 | 0.02 |
| Occupation category (best for lifetime) | 0.05 | 0.46 | 0.007 | |||
| Laborer | 23 (9.1%) | 10 (12.8%) | 14 (23.7%) | |||
| Professional | 130 (51.2%) | 35 (44.9%) | 29 (49.2%) | |||
| Other | 101 (39.8%) | 33 (42.3%) | 16 (27.1%) | |||
| Income: $50,000+ (yes vs no) | 146 (57.5%) | 36 (46.2%) | 25 (42.4%) | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.04 |
| Lifestyle factors: | ||||||
| Ever smoked regularly‡ (yes vs no) | 84 (33.1%) | 23 (29.5%) | 23 (39.0%) | 0.38 | 0.27 | 0.56 |
| Frequency of drinking in past year: | 0.36 | 0.73 | 0.27 | |||
| Never | 154 (60.6%) | 51 (65.4%) | 39 (66.1%) | |||
| Monthly or less | 68 (26.8%) | 19 (24.4%) | 17 (28.8%) | |||
| More than monthly | 32 (12.6%) | 8 (10.3%) | 3 (5.1%) | |||
| Anthropometric: | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.7 ± 6.9 | 26.1 ± 6.0 | 33.4 ± 7.5 | < 0.001 | 0.37 | < 0.001 |
| BMI category: | < 0.001 | 0.36 | < 0.001 | |||
| Underweight (<18 kg/m2) | 19 (7.5%) | 2 (2.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Normal (18– 24 kg/m2) | 117 (46.1%) | 37 (47.4%) | 8 (13.6%) | |||
| Overweight (25–30 kg/m2) | 53 (20.9%) | 17 (21.8%) | 9 (15.3%) | |||
| Obese (>30 kg/m2) | 65 (25.6%) | 22 (28.2%) | 42 (71.2%) | |||
*
Values are mean ± standard deviation or n (%). Id=Idiopathic, DM=Diabetic, T1DM=Type 1 Diabetic, T2DM=Type 2 Diabetic
†
P values (two-sided) determined from either a chi-square test for non-ordered categories, a Fisher’s exact test or the Cochran-Armitage trend test for ordered categories for categorical variables, or a Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables.
‡
Smoked regularly defined as smoking more than 20 packs of cigarettes in a lifetime or greater than 1 cigarette a day for one year