Table 3.
Treatment, comorbidities, psychological function and quality of life
| Idiopathic | Type 1 Diabetic | Type 2 Diabetic | Pairwise P value† |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N=254) | (N=78) | (N=59) | Id vs. | Id vs. | Id vs. | |
| Characteristic | N (% or mean)* | N (% or mean)* | N (% or mean)* | All DM | T1DM | T2DM |
| Medications use (current) and treatment: | ||||||
| Proton pump inhibitors, other GI meds | 193 (76.0%) | 62 (79.5%) | 49 (83.1%) | 0.25 | 0.52 | 0.24 |
| Prokinetic meds for gastroparesis | 125 (49.2%) | 54 (69.2%) | 38 (64.4%) | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.04 |
| Antiemetics for gastroparesis | 154 (60.6%) | 55 (70.5%) | 39 (66.1%) | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.44 |
| Any NSAI pain relieving in past 6 months‡ | 153 (60.2%) | 42 (53.9%) | 40 (67.8%) | 0.94 | 0.32 | 0.28 |
| Narcotic pain med | 109 (42.9%) | 36 (46.2%) | 28 (47.5%) | 0.47 | 0.61 | 0.53 |
| Any pain modulators | 42 (16.5%) | 21 (26.9%) | 17 (28.8%) | 0.009 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
| Any antidepressants | 83 (32.7%) | 30 (38.5%) | 20 (33.9%) | 0.45 | 0.35 | 0.86 |
| Any anxiolytics | 39 (15.4%) | 7 (9.0%) | 11 (18.6%) | 0.55 | 0.15 | 0.53 |
| Any estrogen, progestin, HRT | 60 (23.6%) | 12 (15.4%) | 12 (20.3%) | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.59 |
| Has gastric electric stimulator (yes vs no) | 15 (5.9%) | 12 (15.4%) | 2(3.4%) | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.75 |
| Hospitalizations & comorbidities: | ||||||
| Any hospitalization in past year | 112 (44.1%) | 57 (73.1%) | 27 (45.8%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.82 |
| Average number of hospitalizations past year | 1.6 ± 3.0 | 5.1 ± 6.4 | 2.7 ± 5.7 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.59 |
| Average number of comorbidities | 3.7 ± 2.8 | 4.0 ± 2.8 | 5.6 ± 3.5 | 0.003 | 0.40 | < 0.001 |
| Co-morbidity, ever diagnosed (yes vs no): | ||||||
| Endometriosis | 40 (15.6%) | 4 (5.1%) | 7 (11.9%) | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.45 |
| Cholelithiasis or any gallbladder disease | 89 (35.0%) | 21 (26.9%) | 25 (42.4%) | 0.77 | 0.18 | 0.29 |
| Migraine headaches | 103 (40.6%) | 19 (24.4%) | 22 (37.3%) | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.64 |
| Major depression | 54 (21.3%) | 22 (28.2%) | 19 (32.2%) | 0.06 | 0.20 | 0.07 |
| Severe anxiety disorder | 31 (12.2%) | 8 (10.3%) | 5(8.5%) | 0.42 | 0.64 | 0.42 |
| Beck Depression Index (BDI) (past 2 weeks): | ||||||
| Inventory score | 18.7 ± 11.0 | 21.6 ± 12.9 | 18.6 ±1 0.0 | 0.78 | 0.11 | 0.76 |
| Score>28 (severely depressed) | 47 (18.5%) | 20 (25.6%) | 10 (17.0%) | 0.42 | 0.17 | 0.78 |
| Feelings of hopelessness | 26 (10.2%) | 15 (19.2%) | 8 (13.6%) | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.46 |
| State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI): | ||||||
| State anxiety score | 45.2±13.4 | 47.7±14.1 | 44.6±12.9 | 0.37 | 0.13 | 0.77 |
| State anxiety score ≥ 50 (severe) | 91 (35.8%) | 37 (47.4%) | 18 (30.5%) | 0.40 | 0.07 | 0.44 |
| Trait anxiety score | 43.9±12.1 | 47.3±12.7 | 43.7±12.9 | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.83 |
| Trait anxiety score ≥ 50 (severe) | 87 (34.3%) | 35 (44.9%) | 17 (28.8%) | 0.47 | 0.09 | 0.42 |
| Quality of Life (PAGI-QOL) (past 2 weeks) § | ||||||
| Daily activities sub-score | 2.2 ± 1.2 | 2.2 ± 1.3 | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 0.99 | 0.46 | 0.37 |
| Clothing sub-score | 2.9 ± 1.8 | 3.0 ± 1.7 | 3.0 ± 1.7 | 0.67 | 0.73 | 0.75 |
| Diet sub-score | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.8 ± 1.3 | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Relationship sub-score | 2.9 ± 1.5 | 2.8 ± 1.7 | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 0.91 | 0.53 | 0.35 |
| Psychological sub-score | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 2.4 ± 1.5 | 2.8 ± 1.4 | 0.36 | 0.07 | 0.58 |
| Total score | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 0.50 | 0.88 | 0.19 |
| SF-36v2 Health Survey (past 4 weeks):§ | ||||||
| Current general health perception | 32.3 ± 9.8 | 26.6 ± 7.4 | 27.9 ± 6.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| Emotional problems limit your daily work | 36.9 ± 15.2 | 32.1 ± 14.8 | 33.0 ± 15.7 | 0.006 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
| Physical health component summary score | 34.0 ± 10.3 | 32.6 ± 10.0 | 29.6 ± 9.2 | 0.02 | 0.31 | 0.005 |
| Mental health component summary score | 37.6 ± 12.5 | 34.2 ± 12.4 | 37.3 ± 13.0 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.85 |
Values are mean ± standard deviation or n (%). Id=Idiopathic, DM=Diabetic, T1DM=Type 1 Diabetic, T2DM=Type 2 Diabetic
P values (two-sided) determined from either a chi-square test for non-ordered categories, a Fisher’s exact test or the Cochran-Armitage trend test for ordered categories for categorical variables, or a Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables.
Any pain relieving medication includes any analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAI), or aspirin medications taken in past 6 months.
Subscales derived from the Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders-Quality of Life (PAGI-QOL). Scales have been recoded so that a higher score reflects a higher QOL.
Scores on the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey V2 (SF-36v2) standard recall were normalized to the 1998 U.S. general population with a mean (± SD) of 50± 10, except for the Health Transition item. A higher score reflects higher QOL or better health outcome.