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Direct Fitness (F0 to F1). Mean number of viable offspring (F1) produced by singly or multiply mated F0 females, counting (A) all F1, (B) male F1, and (C) female F1. Means were calculated using only those F1s that reached sexual maturity. Whiskers indicate 95% bootstrap confidence intervals. Sample sizes used to calculate the means are shown in Supporting Information 1.
