The biosynthetic pathway of monolignols in
angiosperm dicots. The pathway intermediates are indicated with
underlined numbers. Question marks indicate not-yet-confirmed steps.
PAL, Phe ammonia-lyase; C4H, cinnamate 4hydroxylase; C3H,
coumarate 3-hydroxylase; F5H, ferulate 5-hydroxylase; and CCR,
cinnamoyl-CoA reductase.