Table 2. Strategies for humanization of therapeutic antibodies.

Humanization strategies	References
Variable domain resurfacing via solvent-exposed residue exchange	Roguska et al.30 Graff et al.31
Specificity-determining residue (SDR) grafting	Tamura et al.32 Gonzales et al.33 Kashrimi et al.34
Coupled framework shuffling	Dall’Acqua et al.35 Damschroder et al.36
Human string content optimization (HSC)	Lazar et al.37
Superhumanization	Hwang et al.38
Phage-display strategies	Huse et al.39 Rosok et al.40 Rader et al.41
Engineering of fully human monoclonal antibodies	Bernett et al.42