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Effects of leptin and metformin on intracellular signaling in glioblastoma multiforme cells. The cells were pretreated or not with 16 mM metformin and stimulated or not with 200 ng/ml leptin for 0–60 min, as described in Materials and methods. The levels of phosphorylated (p) and total AMPK, STAT3, and Akt proteins, and control protein GAPDH were assessed by western blot analysis using specific antibodies, as detailed in Materials and methods.
