Table 1. Distribution of putative genes involved in starch degradation in 85 fungal genomes.
| Phylum | Taxonomic group | Species | Strains | Abbreviation | α-amylases(GH13) | GH15 | α-glucosidases(GH13) | α-glucosidases(GH31) |
| Ascomycota | Dothideomycetes | Leptosphaeria maculans | JN3 | Lm | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 |
| Phaeosphaeria nodorum | SN15 | Pn | 2 | 3 | 3 | 7 | ||
| Zymoseptoria tritici | IPO323 | Zt | 5 | 1 | 4 | 7 | ||
| Eurotiales | Aspergillus clavatus | NRRL 1 | Acl | 7 | 6 | 4 | 3 | |
| A. flavus | NRRL 3357 | Afl | 5 | 3 | 5 | 6 | ||
| A. fumigatus | Af293 | Afu | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | ||
| A. kawachii | IFO 4308 | Ak | 8 | 2 | 1 | 5 | ||
| A. niger | CBS 513.88 | An | 6 | 2 | 2 | 4 | ||
| A. oryzae | RIB40 | Aor | 6 | 2 | 5 | 5 | ||
| A. terreus | NIH2624 | At | 7 | 2 | 2 | 6 | ||
| Emericella nidulans | FGSC A4 | En | 7 | 2 | 2 | 5 | ||
| Monascus ruber | M7 | Mr | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | ||
| Neosartorya fischeri | NRRL 181 | Nf | 7 | 5 | 4 | 6 | ||
| Penicillium chrysogenum | Wisconsin54-1255 | Pc | 7 | 3 | 4 | 8 | ||
| P. marneffei | ATCC 18224 | Pm | 5 | 4 | 1 | 5 | ||
| Talaromyces stipitatus | ATCC 10500 | Ts | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 | ||
| Onygenales | Ajellomyces capsulatus | G186AR | Aca | 3 | 1 | 0 | 3 | |
| Arthroderma otae | CBS 113480 | Aot | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | ||
| Coccidioides immitis | RS | Ci | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | ||
| C. posadasii | str. Silveira | Cp | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | ||
| Paracoccidioides brasiliensis | Pb01 | Pb | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | ||
| Trichophyton equinum | CBS 127.97 | Te | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | ||
| T. rubrum | CBS 118892 | Tr | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | ||
| T. tonsurans | CBS 112818 | Tto | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | ||
| T. verrucosum | HKI 0517 | Tv | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | ||
| Orbiliomycetes | Arthrobotrys oligospora | ATCC 24927 | Aol | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | |
| Pezizomycetes | Tuber melanosporum | Mel28 | Tm | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |
| Saccharomycotina | Candida albicans | WO-1 | Ca | 0 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| C.dubliniensis | CD36 | Cd | 0 | 3 | 2 | 1 | ||
| C. glabrata | CBS 138 | Cga | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
| C. tropicalis | MYA-3404 | Ct | 0 | 2 | 5 | 1 | ||
| Clavispora lusitaniae | ATCC 42720 | Cl | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | ||
| Debaryomyces hansenii | CBS767 | Dh | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | ||
| Eremothecium cymbalariae | DBVPG#7215 | Ec | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
| E. gossypii | ATCC 10895 | Eg | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Kluyveromyces lactis | NRRL Y-1140 | Kl | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ||
| Komagataella pastoris | CBS 7435 | Kp | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Lachancea thermotolerans | CBS 6340 | Lt | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | ||
| Lodderomyces elongisporus | NRRL YB-4239 | Le | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Meyerozyma guilliermondii | ATCC 6260 | Mg | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | ||
| Naumovozyma castellii | CBS 4309 | Nca | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
| N. dairenensis | CBS 421 | Nd | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Ogataea parapolymorpha | DL-1 | Op | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | YJM789 | Sce | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | ||
| Scheffersomyces stipitis | CBS 6054 | Sst | 0 | 2 | 5 | 2 | ||
| Tetrapisispora phaffii | CBS 4417 | Tp | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Torulaspora delbrueckii | CBS 1146 | Td | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | ||
| Yarrowia lipolytica | CLIB122 | Yl | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Zygosaccharomyces rouxii | CBS 732 | Zr | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | ||
| Sordariomyceta | Botryotinia fuckeliana | B05.10 | Bf | 6 | 4 | 0 | 3 | |
| Chaetomium globosum | CBS 148.51 | Cgo | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | ||
| Cordyceps militaris | CM01 | Cm | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | ||
| Gibberella zeae | PH-1 | Gz | 1 | 3 | 5 | 3 | ||
| Glarea lozoyensis | 74030 | Gl | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||
| Glomerella graminicola | M1.001 | Gg | 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | ||
| Grosmannia clavigera | kw1407 | Gc | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Hypocrea jecorina | QM6a | Hj | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | ||
| Magnaporthe oryzae | 70–15 | Mo | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | ||
| Metarhizium acridum | CQMa 102 | Mac | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
| M. anisopliae | ARSEF 23 | Man | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
| Myceliophthora thermophila | ATCC 42464 | Mt | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | ||
| Nectria haematococca | mpVI 77-13-4 | Nh | 1 | 2 | 5 | 4 | ||
| Neurospora crassa | OR74A | Ncr | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | ||
| N. tetrasperma | FGSC 2508 | Nt | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | ||
| Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | 1980 UF-70 | Ssc | 6 | 4 | 1 | 3 | ||
| Sordaria macrospora | k-hell | Sm | 5 | 3 | 2 | 4 | ||
| Thielavia terrestris | NRRL 8126 | Tte | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | ||
| Verticillium albo-atrum | VaMs.102 | Va | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | ||
| V. dahlia | VdLs.17 | Vd | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | ||
| Taphrinomycotina | Schizosaccharomyces japonicus | yFS275 | Sj | 6 | 2 | 0 | 3 | |
| S. pombe | 972h- | Sp | 7 | 2 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Basidiomycota | Agaricomycotina | Coprinopsis cinerea | okayama7#130 | Cc | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
| Cryptococcus gattii | WM276 | Cgt | 5 | 2 | 2 | 3 | ||
| C. neoformans | var. neoformans B-3501A | Cn | 5 | 2 | 2 | 3 | ||
| Laccaria bicolor | S238N-H82 | Lb | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | ||
| Moniliophthora perniciosa | FA553 | Mp | 2 | 3 | 0 | 4 | ||
| Postia placenta | Mad-698-R | Pp | 2 | 2 | 0 | 6 | ||
| Schizophyllum commune | H4-8 | Sco | 8 | 3 | 1 | 3 | ||
| Serpula lacrymans | var. lacrymans S7.3 | Sl | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Pucciniomycotina | Melampsora larici-populina | 98AG31 | Ml | 3 | 4 | 0 | 3 | |
| Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici | CRL 75-36-700-3 | Pg | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | ||
| Ustilaginomycotina | Sporisorium reilianum | SRZ2 | Sr | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| Ustilago maydis | 1 | Um | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | ||
| Chytridiomycota | Chytridiomycetes | Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis | JAM81 | Bd | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Zygomycota | Mucoromycotina | Rhizopus oryzae | RA 99-880 | Ro | 1 | 6 | 0 | 2 |
Taxonomy information of above fungi is extracted from Taxonomy Browser in NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/CommonTree/wwwcmt.cgi). Overall protein sequences of Rhizopus oryzae and Ustilago maydis were downloaded from the Broad Institute (http://www.broadinstitute.org/scientific-community/data), Monascus ruber was from our lab and others were from genome resource of NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/browse/). Putative amylolytic enzymes from the GH13, GH15 and GH31 families in each species were inferred by searching its overall proteins with the corresponding profile hidden Markov models from Pfam (http://pfam.sanger.ac.uk/) and their annotations followed by BlastP comparisons against the database of non-redundant protein sequences (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi). Accession numbers of putative proteins were shown in the corresponding phylogenetic trees later. Some proteins from the family GH13 with equivocal assignment between α-amylases and α-glucosidases were assigned to the group of α-glucosidase (GH13).