Table 1.
Acquired aminoglycoside resistance genes*.
| Mechanism | Gene name | Length (nt) | Accession number or reference | Coding region | Genera |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACT | aac(2′)-Ia | 537 | L06156 | 264… 800 | Providencia |
| aac(2′)-Ib | 588 | U41471 | 265… 852 | Mycobacterium | |
| aac(2′)-Ic | 546 | U72714 | 373… 918 | Mycobacterium | |
| aac(2′)-Id | 633 | U72743 | 386… 1018 | Mycobacterium | |
| aac(2′)-Ie | 549 | NC_011896 | 3039059… 3039607 | Mycobacterium | |
| aac(3)-I | 465 | AJ877225 | 5293… 5757 | Pseudomonas | |
| aac(3)-Ia | 534 | X15852 | 1250… 1783 | Acinetobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Serratia, Streptomyces | |
| aac(3)-Ib | 531 | L06157 | 555… 1085 | Pseudomonas | |
| aac(3)-Ib-aac(6′)-Ib | 1005 | AF355189 | 1435… 2439 | Pseudomonas | |
| aac(3)-Ic | 471 | AJ511268 | 1295… 1765 | Pseudomonas | |
| aac(3)-Id | 477 | AB114632 | 104… 580 | Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Vibrio | |
| aac(3)-Ie | 477 | AY463797 | 8583… 9059 | Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Vibrio | |
| aac(3)-If | 465 | AY884051 | 61… 525 | Serratia, Pseudomonas | |
| aac(3)-Ig | 477 | CP000282 | 2333620… 2334096 | Saccharophagus | |
| aac(3)-Ih | 459 | CP000490 | 509912… 510370 | Paracoccus | |
| aac(3)-Ii | 459 | CP000356 | 638262… 638720 | Sphingopyxis | |
| aac(3)-Ij | 465 | CP000155 | 6963012… 6963476 | Hahella | |
| aac(3)-Ik | 444 | BX571856 | 765853… 766296 | Staphylococcus | |
| aac(3)-IIa | 861 | X51534 | 91… 951 | Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Salmonella | |
| aac(3)-IIb | 810 | M97172 | 656… 1465 | Serratia | |
| aac(3)-IIc | 861 | X54723 | 819… 1679 | Escherichia | |
| aac(3)-IId | 861 | EU022314 | 1… 861 | Escherichia | |
| aac(3)-IIe | 861 | EU022315 | 1… 861 | Escherichia | |
| aac(3)-IIIa | 816 | X55652 | 1124… 1939 | Pseudomonas | |
| aac(3)-IIIb | 738 | L06160 | 984… 1721 | Pseudomonas | |
| aac(3)-IIIc | 840 | L06161 | 106… 945 | Pseudomonas | |
| aac(3)-IVa | 786 | X01385 | 244… 1029 | Escherichia | |
| aac(3)-Va; | |||||
| see aac(3)-IIa | |||||
| aac(3)-Vb; | |||||
| see aac(3)-IIb | |||||
| aac(3)-VIa | 900 | M88012 | 193… 1092 | Enterobacter, Escherichia, Salmonella | |
| aac(3)-VIIa | 867 | M22999 | 493… 1359 | Streptomyces | |
| aac(3)-VIIIa | 861 | M55426 | 466… 1326 | Streptomyces | |
| aac(3)-IXa | 846 | M55427 | 274… 1119 | Micromonospora | |
| aac(3)-Xa | 855 | AB028210 | 2711… 3565 | Streptomyces | |
| aac(6′) | 441 | AY553333 | 1392… 1832 | Pseudomonas | |
| aac | 555 | AJ628983 | 1985… 2539 | Pseudomonas | |
| aac(6′) | 402 | DQ302723 | 81… 482 | Pseudomonas | |
| aac(6′) | 555 | EU912537 | 2092… 2646 | Pseudomonas | |
| aac(6′)-Ia | 558 | M18967 | 757… 1314 | Citrobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Shigella | |
| aac(6′)-Ib | 606 | M21682 | 380… 985 | Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas | |
| aac(6′)-Ib-cr | 519 | EF636461 | 1124… 1642 | Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Salmonella | |
| aac(6′)-Ic | 441 | M94066 | 1554… 1994 | Serratia | |
| aac(6′)-Id | 450 | X12618 | 905… 1354 | Klebsiella | |
| aac(6′)-Ie; | |||||
| see aac(6′)-aph(2″) | |||||
| aac(6′)-If | 435 | X55353 | 279… 713 | Enterobacter | |
| aac(6′)-Ig | 438 | L09246 | 544… 981 | Acinetobacter | |
| aac(6′)-Ih | 441 | L29044 | 352… 792 | Acinetobacter | |
| aac(6′)-Ii | 549 | L12710 | 169… 717 | Enterococcus | |
| aac(6′)-Ij | 441 | L29045 | 260… 700 | Acinetobacter | |
| aac(6′)-Ik | 438 | L29510 | 369… 806 | Acinetobacter | |
| aac(6′)-Il | 522 | Z54241 | 530… 1051 | Acinetobacter, Citrobacter | |
| aac(6′)-Im | 537 | AF337947 | 1215… 1751 | Escherichia | |
| aac(6′)-In | 573 | Wu et al., 1997 | – | Citrobacter | |
| aac(6′)-Iq | 552 | AF047556 | 127… 678 | Klebsiella, Salmonella | |
| aac(6′)-Ir | 441 | AF031326 | 1… 441 | Acinetobacter | |
| aac(6′)-Is | 441 | AF031327 | 1… 441 | Acinetobacter | |
| aac(6′)-It | 441 | AF031328 | 1… 441 | Acinetobacter | |
| aac(6′)-Iu | 441 | AF031329 | 1… 441 | Acinetobacter | |
| aac(6′)-Iv | 441 | AF031330 | 1… 441 | Acinetobacter | |
| aac(6′)-Iw | 441 | AF031331 | 1… 441 | Acinetobacter | |
| aac(6′)-Ix | 441 | AF031332 | 1… 441 | Acinetobacter | |
| aac(6′)-Iy | 438 | AF144880 | 3452… 3979 | Salmonella | |
| aac(6′)-Iz | 462 | AF140221 | 390… 851 | Stenotrophomonas | |
| aac(6′)-Iaa | 438 | NC_003197 | 1707358… 1707795 | Salmonella | |
| aac(6′)-Iad | 435 | AB119105 | 1… 435 | Acinetobacter | |
| aac(6′)-Iae | 552 | AB104852 | 1935… 2486 | Pseudomonas, Salmonella | |
| aac(6′)-Iaf | 552 | AB462903 | 1200… 1751 | Pseudomonas | |
| aac(6′)-Iai | 567 | EU886977 | 544… 1110 | Pseudomonas | |
| aac(6′)-I30 | 555 | AY289608 | 1524… 2078 | Salmonella | |
| aac(6′)-31 | 519 | AJ640197 | 2474… 2992 | Acinetobacter | |
| aac(6′)-32 | 555 | EF614235 | 2247… 2801 | Pseudomonas | |
| aac(6′)-33 | 555 | GQ337064 | 1203… 1757 | Pseudomonas | |
| aac(6′)-IIa | 555 | M29695 | 707… 1261 | Aeromonas, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Salmonella | |
| aac(6′)-IIb | 543 | L06163 | 532… 1074 | Pseudomonas | |
| aac(6′)-IIc | 582 | AF162771 | 62… 643 | Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas | |
| aac(6′)-Iid; | |||||
| see ant(3″)-Ih- aac(6′)-IId | |||||
| aac(6′)-III; | |||||
| see aac(6′)-Ic | |||||
| aac(6′)-IV | 435 | X55353 | 279… 713 | Enterobacter | |
| aacA29 | 381 | AY139599 | 768… 1148 | Unknown | |
| aacA43 | 564 | HQ247816 | 639… 1202 | Klebsiella | |
| apmA | 822 | FN806789 | 2858… 3682 | Staphylococcus | |
| sat2a | 525 | X51546 | 518… 1042 | Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio | |
| sat3a | 543 | Z48231 | 221… 763 | Escherichia | |
| sat4a | 543 | X92945 | 38870… 39412 | Campylobacter, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus,Streptococcus | |
| aac(6′)-aph(2″) | 1440 | M13771 | 304… 1743 | Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus,Streptococcus | |
| ACT–PHT | aph(2″-Ia; see | ||||
| aac(6′)-aph(2″) | |||||
| MET | armA | 774 | AY220558 | 1978… 2751 | Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Serratia |
| npmA | 660 | AB261016 | 3069… 3728 | Escherichia | |
| rmtA | 756 | AB120321 | 6677… 7432 | Pseudomonas | |
| rmtB | 756 | AB103506 | 1410… 2165 | Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Serratia | |
| rmtC | 846 | AB194779 | 6903… 7748 | Proteus, Salmonella | |
| rmtD | 744 | DQ914960 | 8889… 9632 | Klebsiella, Pseudomonas | |
| rmtD2 | 744 | HQ401565 | 14139… 14882 | Citrobacter, Enterobacter | |
| rmtE | 822 | GU201947 | 55… 876 | Escherichia | |
| NUT | aadA1 | 972 | X02340 | 223… 1194 | Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio |
| aadA1b | 792 | M95287 | 3320… 4111 | Pseudomonas, Serratia | |
| aadA2 | 780 | X68227 | 166… 945 | Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, Yersinia | |
| aadA3 | 792 | AF047479 | 1296… 2087 | Escherichia | |
| aadA4 | 789 | Z50802 | 1306… 2094 | Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, | |
| aadA5 | 789 | AF137361 | 64… 852 | Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Vibrio | |
| aadA6 | 846 | AF140629 | 61… 906 | Pseudomonas | |
| aadA7 | 798 | AF224733 | 32… 829 | Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio | |
| aadA8 | 792 | AF326210 | 1… 792 | Klebsiella, Vibrio | |
| aadA8b | 792 | AM040708 | 1174… 1965 | Escherichia | |
| aadA9 | 837 | AJ420072 | 26773… 27609 | Corynebacterium | |
| aadA10 | 834 | U37105 | 2807… 3640 | Pseudomonas | |
| aadA11 | 846 | AY144590 | 1… 846 | Pseudomonas, Riemerella | |
| aadA12 | 792 | AY665771 | 1… 792 | Escherichia, Salmonella, Yersinia | |
| aadA13 | 798 | AY713504 | 1… 798 | Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Yersinia | |
| aadA14 | 786 | AJ884726 | 540… 1325 | Pasteurella | |
| aadA15 | 792 | DQ393783 | 1800… 2591 | Pseudomonas | |
| aadA16 | 846 | EU675686 | 3197… 4042 | Escherichia, Klebsiella, Vibrio | |
| aadA17 | 792 | FJ460181 | 774… 1565 | Aeromonas | |
| aadA21 | 792 | AY171244 | 47… 838 | Salmonella | |
| aadA22 | 792 | AM261837 | 74… 865 | Escherichia, Salmonella | |
| aadA23 | 780 | AJ809407 | 119… 898 | Salmonella | |
| aadA24 | 780 | AM711129 | 1264… 2043 | Escherichia, Salmonella | |
| aadC | 477 | V01282 | 225… 701 | Staphylococcus | |
| aadD aadE; see ant(6)-Ia | 771 | AF181950 | 3176… 3946 | Staphylococcus | |
| ant(2″)-Ia | 543 | X04555 | 1296… 1829 | Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella, Vibrio | |
| ant(4′)-Ib | 771 | AJ506108 | 209… 979 | Bacillus | |
| ant(4′)-IIa | 759 | M98270 | 145… 903 | Pseudomonas | |
| ant(4′)-IIb | 756 | AY114142 | 1061… 1816 | Pseudomonas | |
| ant(6)-Ia | 909 | AF330699 | 22… 930 | Enterococcus, Staphylococcus | |
| ant(6)-Ib | 858 | FN594949 | 27482… 28339 | Campylobacter | |
| ant(9)-Ia | 783 | X02588 | 331… 1113 | Enterococcus, Staphylococcus | |
| ant(9)-Ib | 768 | M69221 | 271… 1038 | Enterococcus, Staphylococcus | |
| spc; see ant(9)-Ia | |||||
| sph | 801 | X64335 | 6557… 7354 | Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Salmonella | |
| str | 849 | X92946 | 18060… 18908 | Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Lactococcus | |
| NUT–ACT | ant(3″)-Ih-aac(6′)-IId | 1392 | AF453998 | 3555… 4946 | Serratia |
| PHT | aph(2″)-Ib | 900 | AF337947 | 272… 1171 | Enterococcus, Escherichia |
| aph(2″)-Ic | 921 | U51479 | 196… 1116 | Enterococcus | |
| aph(2″)-Id | 906 | AF016483 | 131… 1036 | Enterococcus | |
| aph(2″)-Ie | 906 | AY743255 | 131… 1036 | Enterococcus | |
| aph(3′)-Ia | 816 | J01839 | 1162… 1977 | Escherichia, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Salmonella | |
| aph(3′)-Ib | 816 | M20305 | 779… 1594 | Escherichia | |
| aph(3′)-Ic | 816 | X625115 | 410… 1225 | Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Serratia, Yersinia | |
| aph(3′)-Id | 816 | Z48231 | 820… 1635 | Escherichia | |
| aph(3′)-IIa | 795 | X57709 | 1… 795 | Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Salmonella | |
| aph(3′)-IIb | 807 | X90856 | 388… 1194 | Pseudomonas | |
| aph(3′)-IIc | 813 | AM743169 | 2377498… 2378310 | Stenotrophomonas | |
| aph(3′)-III | 795 | M26832 | 604… 1398 | Bacillus, Campylobacter, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus | |
| aph(3′)-IV | 789 | X03364 | 277… 1065 | Bacillus | |
| aph(3′)-Va | 807 | K00432 | 307… 1113 | Streptomyces | |
| aph(3′)-Vb | 792 | M22126 | 373… 1164 | Streptomyces | |
| aph(3′)-Vc | 795 | S81599 | 282… 1076 | Micromonospora | |
| aph(3′)-Va | 780 | X07753 | 103… 882 | Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas | |
| aph(3′)-VIb | 780 | AJ627643 | 4934… 5713 | Alcaligenes | |
| aph(3′)-VIIa | 753 | M29953 | 131… 1036 | Campylobacter | |
| aph(3′)-VIII | 804 | AF182845 | 1… 804 | Streptomyces | |
| aph(3′)-XV | 795 | Y18050 | 4758… 5552 | Achromobacter, Citrobacter, Pseudomonas | |
| aph(3″)-Ia | 819 | M16482 | 501… 1319 | Streptomyces | |
| aph(3″)-Ib | 801 | AB366441 | 11310… 12110 | Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Pasteurella, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Vibrio | |
| aph(4)-Ia | 1026 | V01499 | 231… 1256 | Escherichia | |
| aph(4)-Ib | 999 | X03615 | 232… 1230 | Streptomyces | |
| aph(6)-Ia | 924 | AY971801 | 1… 924 | Streptomyces | |
| aph(6)-Ib | 924 | X05648 | 382… 1305 | Streptomyces | |
| aph(6)-Ic | 801 | X01702 | 485… 1285 | Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Salmonella | |
| aph(6)-Id | 837 | M28829 | 866… 1702 | Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Pasteurella, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Vibrio | |
| aph(7″)-Ia | 999 | X03615 | 232… 1230 | Streptomyces | |
| aph(9)-Ia | 996 | U94857 | 151… 1146 | Legionella | |
| aph(9)-Ib | 993 | U70376 | 7526… 8518 | Streptomyces |
*
Last update: January 6th 2012. This table was adapted from Elbourne and Hall (2006), Magnet and Blanchard (2005), Partridge et al. (2009), Ramirez and Tolmansky (2010), Shaw et al. (1993), Vakulenko and Mobashery (2003), and data provided by B. Guerra, B. Aranda, D. Avsaroglu, B. Ruiz del Castillo, and R. Helmuth, on behalf of the Med-Vet Net (EU Network of Excellence) WP29 Project Group. The data were collected within the subproject “AME's,” with following participants representing their institutions: Agnes Perry Guyomard (ANSES), Dik Mevius (CVI), Yvonne Agerso (DTU), Katie Hopkins (HPA), Silvia Herrera (ISCIII), Alessandra Carattoli (ISS), Antonio Battisti (IZS-Rome), Stefano Lollai (IZS-Sardegna,), Lotte Jacobsen (SSI), Béla Nagy (VMRI), M. Rosario Rodicio and M. C. Mendoza (University of Oviedo, UO), Luis Martínez-Martínez (University Hospital of Valdecilla, HUV), and Bruno Gonzalez-Zorn (UCM).
ACT: Acetyltransferase; MET: Methyltransferase; NUT: Nucleotidyltransferase; PHT: Phosphotransferase.
a
Although the sat genes are not aminoglycoside resistance determinants, they encode streptothricin-acetyltransferases, for convenience they are included in this table.