Table 4.
Acquired macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS) resistance genes*.
| Mechanism | Gene | Gene(s) included | Length (nt) | Accession number | Coding region | Genera |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Efflux | car(A) | − | 1656 | M80346 | 411… 2066 | Streptomyces |
| lmr(A) | − | 1446 | X59926 | 318… 1763 | Streptomyces | |
| lsa(A) | abc-23 | 1497 | AY225127 | 41… 1537 | Enterococcus | |
| lsa(B) | orf3 | 1479 | AJ579365 | 4150… 5628 | Staphylococcus | |
| lsa(C) | − | 1479 | HM990671 | 5193… 6671 | Gardnerella, Streptococcus | |
| lsa(E) | − | 1485 | JQ861959 | 6673… 8157 | Enterococcus, Staphylococcus | |
| mef(A) | mef(E) | 1218 | U70055 | 314… 1531 | Acinetobacter, Bacteroides, Citrobacter, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Fusobacterium, Gemella, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Micrococcus, Morganella, Neisseria, Pantoea, Providencia, Proteus, Ralstonia, Rothia, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Stenotrophomonas, Ureaplasma | |
| mef(B) | − | 1230 | FJ196385 | 11084… 12313 | Escherichia | |
| msr(A) | msr(B), msr(SA) | 1467 | X52085 | 343… 1809 | Corynebacterium, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Gemella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Ureaplasma | |
| msr(C) | − | 1479 | AY004350 | 496… 1974 | Enterococcus | |
| msr(D) | mel, orf5 | 1464 | AF274302 | 2462… 3925 | Acinetobacter, Bacteroides, Citrobacter, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Gemella, Fusobacterium, Klebsiella, Morganella, Neisseria, Proteus, Providencia, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Serratia, Stenotrophomonas, Ureaplasma | |
| msr(E) | mel | 1476 | AY522431 | 20650… 22125 | Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Mannheimia, Pasteurella, Serratia | |
| ole(B) | − | 1710 | L36601 | 1421… 3130 | Streptomyces | |
| ole(C) | − | 978 | L06249 | 1528… 2505 | Streptomyces | |
| srm(B) | − | 1653 | X63451 | 558… 2210 | Streptomyces | |
| tlc(C) | − | 1647 | M57437 | 277… 1923 | Streptomyces | |
| vga(A) | vga | 1569 | M90056 | 909… 2477 | Staphylococcus | |
| vga(A)LC | vga | 1569 | DQ823382 | 1… 1569 | Staphylococcus | |
| vga(B) | − | 1659 | U82085 | 629… 2287 | Enterococcus, Staphylococcus | |
| vga(C) | − | 1569 | NC_013034 | 12570… 14138 | Staphylococcus | |
| vga(D) | − | 1578 | GQ205627 | 1394… 2971 | Enterococcus | |
| vga(E) | − | 1575 | FR772051 | 8741… 10315 | Staphylococcus | |
| Inactivating enzymea | ere(A) | − | 1221 | AY183453 | 2730… 3950 | Achromobacter, Aermonas, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Laribacter, Pantoeae, Providencia, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas |
| ere(B) | − | 1260 | X03988 | 383… 1642 | Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus | |
| Inactivating enzymeb | vgb(A) | vgb | 900 | M20129 | 641… 1540 | Enterococcus, Staphylococcus |
| vgb(B) | − | 888 | AF015628 | 399… 1286 | Staphylococcus | |
| Inactivating enzymec | lnu(A) | lin(A), lin(A') | 486 | M14039 | 413… 898 | Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus |
| lnu(B) | lin(B) | 804 | AJ238249 | 127… 930 | Clostridium, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus | |
| lnu(C) | − | 495 | AY928180 | 1150… 1644 | Haemophilus, Streptococcus | |
| lnu(D) | − | 495 | EF452177 | 19… 513 | Streptococcus | |
| lnu(F) | lin(F), lin(G), linF | 822 | EU118119 | 1030… 1851 | Escherichia, Salmonella | |
| vat(A) | − | 660 | L07778 | 258… 917 | Staphylococcus | |
| vat(B) | − | 639 | U19459 | 67… 705 | Enterococcus, Staphylococcus | |
| vat(C) | − | 639 | AF015628 | 1307… 1945 | Staphylococcus | |
| vat(D) | sat(A) | 630 | L12033 | 162… 791 | Enterococcus | |
| vat(E) | sat(G), vat (E-3)–vat(E-8) | 645 | AF139725 | 63… 707 | Enterococcus, Lactobacillus | |
| vat(F) | − | 666 | AF170730 | 70… 735 | Yersinia | |
| vat(H) | vat(G) | 651 | GQ205627 | 3037… 3687 | Enterococcus | |
| Inactivating enzymed | mph(A) | mph(K) | 906 | D16251 | 1626… 2531 | Aeromonas, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pantoeae, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Serratia, Shigella, Stenotrophomonas |
| mph(B) | mph(B) | 909 | D85892 | 1159… 2067 | Escherichia, Enterobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas | |
| mph(C) | mph(BM) | 900 | AF167161 | 5665… 6564 | Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas | |
| mph(D) | − | 840§ | AB048591 | 1… 840 | Escherichia, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas | |
| mph(E) | mph, mph1, mph2 | 885 | DQ839391 | 12873… 13757 | Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Mannheimia, Pasteurella, Serratia | |
| mph(F) | mph(B), mph(E) | 900 | AM206957 | 4187… 5086 | Unknown | |
| rRNA methylase | cfr$ | − | 1050 | AM408573 | 10028… 11077 | Bacillus, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Jeotgalicoccus, Macrococcus, Proteus, Staphylococcus |
| erm(A) | erm(TR) | 732 | X03216 | 4551… 5282 | Aggregatibacter, Bacteriodes, Enterococcus, Helcococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Prevotella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus | |
| erm(B) | erm(2), erm(AM), erm(AMR), erm(BC), erm(BP), erm(Z), erm(BZ1, BZ2), erm(IP), erm(P), erm, erm(80) | 738 | M36722 | 714… 1451 | Aggregatibacter, Acinetobacter, Aerococcus, Arcanobacterium, Bacillus, Bacteriodes, Citrobacter, Corynebacterium, Clostridium, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Eubacterium, Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, Gemella, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Micrococcus, Neisseria, Pantoeae, Pediococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Ruminococcus, Rothia, Serratia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Ureaplasma, Treponema, Wolinella | |
| erm(C) | erm(IM), erm(M) | 735 | M19652 | 988… 1722 | Aggregatibacter, Actinomyces, Arcanobacterium, Bacillus, Bacteriodes, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Escherichia, Eubacterium, Enterococcus, Haemophilus, Lactobacillus, Macrococcus, Micrococcus, Neisseria, Prevotella, Peptostreptococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Wolinella | |
| erm(D) | erm(J), erm(K) | 864 | M29832 | 430… 1293 | Bacillus, Salmonella | |
| erm(E) | erm(E2) | 1146 | X51891 | 190… 1335 | Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Ruminococcus, Saccharopolyspora, Shigella, Streptomyces | |
| erm(F) | erm(FS), erm(FU) | 801 | M14730 | 241… 1041 | Aggregatibacter, Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Capnocytophaga, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Eubacterium, Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, Gardnerella, Haemophilus, Lactobacillus, Mobiluncus, Neisseria, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Peptostreptococcus, Ruminococcus, Shigella, Selenomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Treponema, Veillonella, Wolinella | |
| erm(G) | − | 735 | M15332 | 672… 1406 | Bacillus, Bacteroides, Catenibacterium, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Staphylococcus | |
| erm(H) | car(B) | 900 | M16503 | 244… 1143 | Streptomyces | |
| erm(I) | mdm(A) | − | − | − | Streptomyces | |
| erm(N) | tlr(D) | 876 | X97721 | 160… 1035 | Streptomyces | |
| erm(O) | lrm, srm(A) | 783 | M74717 | 40… 822 | Streptomyces | |
| erm(Q) | − | 774 | L22689 | 262… 1035 | Aggregatibacter, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Wolinella | |
| erm(R) | − | 1023 | M11276 | 333… 1355 | Aeromicrobium, Arthrobacter | |
| erm(S) | erm(SF), tlr(D) | 960 | M19269 | 460… 1419 | Streptomyces | |
| erm(T) | erm(GT), erm(LF) | 735 | M64090 | 168… 902 | Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus | |
| erm(U) | lrm(B) | 837 | X62867 | 361… 1197 | Streptomyces | |
| erm(V) | erm(SV) | 780 | U59450 | 397… 1176 | Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Streptomyces | |
| erm(W) | myr(B) | 936 | D14532 | 1039… 1974 | Micromonospora | |
| erm(X) | erm(CD), erm(Y) | 855 | M36726 | 296… 1150 | Arcanobacterium, Bifidobacterium, Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium | |
| erm(Y) | erm(GM) | 735 | AB014481 | 556… 1290 | Staphylococcus | |
| erm(Z) | srm(D) | 849 | AM709783 | 2817… 3665 | Streptomyces | |
| erm(30) | pikR1 | 1011 | AF079138 | 1283… 2293 | Streptomyces | |
| erm(31) | pikR2 | 969 | AF079138 | 154… 1122 | Streptomyces | |
| erm(32) | tlr(B) | 843 | AJ009971 | 1790… 2632 | Streptomyces | |
| erm(33) | − | 732 | AJ313523 | 163… 894 | Staphylococcus | |
| erm(34) | − | 846 | AY234334 | 355… 1200 | Bacillus | |
| erm(35) | − | 801 | AF319779 | 33… 833 | Bacteriodes | |
| erm(36) | − | 846 | AF462611 | 186… 1031 | Micrococcus | |
| erm(37) | erm(MT) | 540 | AE000516 | 2229013… 2229552 | Mycobacterium | |
| erm(38) | − | 1161 | AY154657 | 63… 1223 | Mycobacterium | |
| erm(39) | − | 741 | AY487229 | 2153… 2893 | Mycobacterium | |
| erm(40) | − | 756 | AY570506 | 2035… 2790 | Mycobacterium | |
| erm(41) | − | 522 | EU590124 | 258… 779 | Mycobacterium | |
| erm(42) | erm(MI) | 906 | FR734406 | 1… 906 | Mannheimia, Pasteurella, Photobacterium |
*
Last update: January 6th 2012. Adapted from http://faculty.washington.edu/marilynr/
§
Partial sequence.
$
The multidrug resistance gene cfr confers resistance against phenicols, lincosamides, oxazolidinones, pleuromutilins, and streptogramin A (see Table 3; Kehrenberg et al., 2007).
a
Esterase,
b
Lyase,
c
Transferase, and
d
Phosphorylase.