Table 1. Locations and environment variables for 14 investigated natural populations in C. japonica.
| Population | Abbreviation | Latitude | Longitude | Altitude (m) | Number of individuals | Mean annual temperature (°C) | Mean daily maximum temperature (°C) | Mean daily minimum temperature (°C) | Annual precipitation (mm) | Annual sunshine hours (h) | Amount of global solar radiation (MJ m−2) | Deepest snow (cm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ajigasawa | AJG | 40.44.53 | 140.12.54 | 110 | 14 | 9.7 | 13.7 | 5.9 | 1312.3 | 1711.5 | 12.3 | 70 |
| Nibetsu | NBT | 39.48.22 | 140.15.36 | 320 | 15 | 11.3 | 15.2 | 7.6 | 1701.2 | 1593.7 | 11.8 | 37 |
| Ishinomaki | ISN | 38.19.43 | 141.29.31 | 190 | 13 | 11.1 | 14.3 | 8.5 | 1276.3 | 1972.4 | 13.1 | 7 |
| Donden | DND | 38.08.23 | 138.23.00 | 730 | 14 | 9.9 | 13.0 | 6.8 | 2184.0 | 1658.7 | 12.7 | 99 |
| Bijodaira | BJD | 36.34.55 | 137.27.55 | 1000 | 16 | 7.8 | 11.6 | 3.7 | 2884.4 | 1552.2 | 12.9 | 171 |
| Ashitaka | AST | 35.12.30 | 138.49.90 | 1000 | 17 | 8.2 | 11.4 | 4.3 | 2886.1 | 1857.7 | 14.0 | 37 |
| Kawazu | KWZ | 34.49.53 | 139.00.00 | 650 | 8 | 15.9 | 19.1 | 12.9 | 2921.6 | 1830.1 | 12.5 | 1 |
| Ashu | ASH | 35.18.28 | 135.46.26 | 700 | 18 | 9.3 | 13.8 | 5.4 | 2379.4 | 1523.4 | 12.4 | 55 |
| Oki | OKI | 36.16.60 | 133.19.45 | 360 | 9 | 11.9 | 15.7 | 8.3 | 1873.9 | 1782.5 | 13.2 | 29 |
| Azouji | AZJ | 34.46.70 | 132.06.12 | 360 | 16 | 12.0 | 17.3 | 7.1 | 2220.4 | 1635.9 | 12.8 | 43 |
| Shingu | SNG | 33.49.24 | 135.45.36 | 170 | 16 | 14.2 | 20.0 | 9.3 | 2870.5 | 1834.0 | 12.8 | 2 |
| Yanase | YNS | 33.35.40 | 134.05.80 | 500 | 8 | 12.9 | 18.1 | 8.8 | 3739.7 | 2004.6 | 14.2 | 2 |
| Oninome | ONN | 32.42.06 | 131.31.43 | 960 | 6 | 10.2 | 15.1 | 5.9 | 2762.2 | 1884.7 | 14.0 | 2 |
| Yakushima | YKU | 30.18.17 | 130.34.17 | 1100 | 16 | 13.3 | 15.6 | 11.1 | 4119.7 | 1559.8 | 13.6 | 0 |