Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of all participants and by occupation.
| All Participants (n = 76) (Mean (SD #)/N (%)) | Agricultural Workers (n = 34) (Mean (SD)/N (%)) | Non-Agricultural Workers (n = 42) (Mean (SD)/N (%)) | p-value (Test) for Significant Differences ^ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 26.0 (6.8) | 26.6 (7.0) | 26.1 (6.7) | 0.77 (t-test) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.001 * (Fisher’s) | ||||
| Thai | 34 (45%) | 8 (24%) | 26 (62%) | ||
| Thai Yai | 31 (41%) | 20 (59%) | 11 (26%) | ||
| Burmese | 2 (3%) | 2 (6%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Chinese | 2 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (5%) | ||
| Other | 7 (9%) | 4 (12%) | 3 (7%) | ||
| Born in Thailand | 46 (61%) | 14 (41%) | 32 (76%) | 0.002 * (chi-sq) | |
| Highest level of education achieved | <0.001 * (Fisher’s) | ||||
| None, never attended school | 33 (43%) | 23 (68%) | 10 (24%) | ||
| Primary school | 12 (16%) | 5 (15%) | 7 (17%) | ||
| Junior high school | 10 (13%) | 1 (3%) | 9 (21%) | ||
| High school (no diploma) | 15 (20%) | 5 (15%) | 10 (24%) | ||
| High school diploma or greater | 6 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (14%) | ||
| Household monthly income † | 0.002 * (Fisher’s) | ||||
| 1,500 Baht or less (≤49 USD) | 2 (3%) | 2 (6%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| 1,501 to 3,000 Baht (50–99 USD) | 6 (8%) | 4 (12%) | 2 (5%) | ||
| 3,001 to 6,000 Baht (100–199 USD) | 22 (29%) | 13 (38%) | 9 (21%) | ||
| 6,001 to 9,000 Baht (200–299 USD) | 21 (28%) | 8 (24%) | 13 (31%) | ||
| 9,001 to 12,000 Baht (300–399 USD) | 13 (17%) | 1 (3%) | 12 (29%) | ||
| 12,001 Baht and above (≥400 USD) | 6 (8%) | 1 (3%) | 5 (12%) | ||
| Don’t know/Not sure | 6 (8%) | 5 (15%) | 1 (2%) | ||
| Pregnancy trimester | 0.053 (chi-sq) | ||||
| 1st | 21 (28%) | 14 (41%) | 7 (17%) | ||
| 2nd | 25 (33%) | 10 (29%) | 15 (36%) | ||
| 3rd | 30 (39%) | 10 (29%) | 20 (48%) | ||
| Number of pregnancies before current pregnancy | 0.62 (chi-sq) | ||||
| 0 | 29 (38%) | 13 (38%) | 16 (38%) | ||
| 1 | 30 (39%) | 15 (44%) | 15 (36%) | ||
| 2 or 3 | 17 (22%) | 6 (18%) | 11 (26%) | ||
| Worked since becoming pregnant | 66 (87%) | 34 (100%) | 32 (76%) | 0.002 * (Fisher’s) | |
| Worked in agriculture since becoming pregnant | 34 (45%) | 34 (100%) | N/A | N/A | |
# SD = standard deviation; ^ Tests for differences between agricultural and non-agricultural workers;* Significant result (p < 0.05); † Approximate, based on the average exchange rate during the period of enrollment (1 USD = 30.4566 THB, www.oanda.com).