Table 3.
Effects of Whole-Body Cryostimulation on Hormonal Responses and Cytokine Concentrations in Tennis Players (Mean ± SD)
| Variable |
Group |
Differences |
P Value |
F1,10 |
Effect Size, Partial η2 |
Test Power (α = .05) |
|||
| Cryostimulation |
Control |
||||||||
| Before Study |
After Study |
Before Study |
After Study |
||||||
| Tumor necrosis factor α, pg·mL−1 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | Group × time | .002 | 17.0 | 0.63 | 0.959 |
| Interleukin-6, pg·mL−1 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | Group × time | .003 | 14.76 | 0.60 | 0.932 |
| Testosterone, nmol·L−1 | 18.9 ± 1.6 | 21.4 ± 2.5 | 22.5 ± 3.8 | 19.4 ± 3.6 | Group × time | .01 | 8.07 | 0.45 | 0.727 |
| Cortisol, nmol·L−1 | 412.0 ± 43.2a | 463.0 ± 77.5 | 513.7 ± 63.1 | 417.6 ± 35.6 | Group × time | .008 | 10.7 | 0.52 | 0.838 |
| White blood cells, 103/μL | 5.6 ± 0.9a | 6.1 ± 1.0 | 6.7 ± 2.1 | 7.0 ± 1.5 | Group × time | .002 | 16.25 | 0.62 | 0.951 |
| Lymphoctes, % | 35.0 ± 4.1 | 34.0 ± 3.2 | 31.5 ± 8.9 | 31.9 ± 5.4 | None | ||||
| Basophils, % | 10.1 ± 0.8 | 11.1 ± 0.5 | 10.4 ± 2.1 | 9.8 ± 2.1 | Group × time | .007 | 11.31 | 0.53 | 0.857 |
| Neutrophils, % | 53.7 ± 3.5 | 53.9 ± 4.0 | 57.9 ± 13.0 | 58.2 ± 10.0 | None | ||||
| Red blood cells, 103/μL | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.5 | 5.4 ± 0.7 | None | ||||
| Platelets, 103/μL | 202.3 ± 24.4 | 220.5 ± 30.4 | 246.3 ± 33.0 | 238.2 ± 23.0 | None | ||||
| Hemoglobin, g·dL−1 | 15.0 ± 0.3 | 15.3 ± 0.4 | 15.3 ± 1.0 | 15.2 ± 0.8 | None | ||||
| Creatine kinase, U·L−1 | 305.0 ± 81.9 | 241.4 ± 48.9 | 286.7 ± 11.0 | 295.5 ± 65.5 | Group × time | .01 | 9.63 | 0.49 | 0.798 |
a
Differences between groups at baseline (P = .004).