. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: Clin Chest Med. 2012 Dec;33(4):649–665. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2012.08.003

Table 2.

Mechanisms by which solid fuel smoke may affect respiratory outcomes

Neutrophilic inflammation

Macrophage phagocytic dysfunction and surface adherence

Increased MMP activity (pro-MMP-2; pro-MMP-9, and MMP-9)

Greater MMP gene expression (MMP-2 and MMP-12)

Pulmonary surfactant deactivation

Reduced bacterial clearance

Reduced mucociliary clearance

Upregulated arginase activity

Greater oxidative stress

Increased apoptosis

DNA damage

Break in integrity of the pulmonary air-blood barrier.

Key - MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid