Figure 1. PGAM1 controls intracellular 3-PG and 2-PG levels in cancer cells and is important for glycolysis and anabolic biosynthesis, as well as cell proliferation and tumor growth.

(A–B) Intracellular concentrations of 3-PG and 2-PG were determined in diverse PGAM1 knockdown cancer cells and compared to control cells. Detailed concentrations are listed in Table S3.

(C–J) H1299 cells with stable knockdown of PGAM1 and control cells harboring an empty vector were tested for glycolytic rate (C), lactate production (D), RNA biosynthesis (E), lipogenesis (F), NADPH/NADP⁺ ratio (G), and oxidative PPP flux (H). The intracellular ATP levels (I) and oxygen consumption rate (J) in the presence or absence of 100nM oligomycin (ATP synthase inhibitor) were also tested.

(K) Cell proliferation rates were determined by cell counting in diverse human cancer (H1299, 212LN and MDA-MB231) and leukemia (KG1a, Molm14 and K562) cells with stable knockdown of PGAM1, which were normalized to the corresponding control cells harboring an empty vector.

(L) Stable knockdown of PGAM1 by shRNA attenuates tumor growth potential of H1299 cells in xenograft nude mice. Left: Dissected tumors (indicated by red arrows) in a representative nude mouse and expression of PGAM1 in tumor lysates are shown. Right: PGAM1 knockdown cells show significantly reduced tumor formation in xenograft nude mice compared to cells harboring empty vector control (p values were determined by a two-tailed paired Student’s t test).

The error bars represent mean values +/− SD from three replicates of each sample (*: 0.01<p<0.05; **: 0.01<p<0.01; ***: p<0.001).

See also Figure S1 and Table S1–S3.