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. 2012 Oct 1;3:22. doi: 10.1186/2041-9139-3-22

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Copyright ©2012 Sorrentino et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Phenotypes caused by ectopic NvSmad1/5 mRNA mimic phenotypes caused by XSmad1 mRNA. Microinjection of NvSmad1/5 mRNA into the two dorsal blastomeres of a four-cell Xenopus embryo causes similar ventralization phenotypes as injection of XSmad1 mRNA. All tadpoles are shown at stage 34. (A) Shows normal development in Xenopus tadpoles. In contrast, tadpoles in (B) were injected with 4 ng of XSmad1 mRNA and show severe ventralization. (C) Tadpoles injected with 4 ng NvSmad1/5 show a similar but less severe ventralization phenotype. Severity of phenotype was scored according the Dorso-Anterior Index (DAI) [30]. (D) Shows the DAI scores graphically.