| Abnormalities producing inhibition of protective airway reflexes |
Coma |
| Psychomotor retardation |
| Conditions related to direct or indirect stimulation of a vomiting centre |
Intracranial hypertension |
| Space-occupying process in the posterior cranial fossa involving the lower cranial nerves |
| Multiple trauma involving the cranium |
| Acute abdominal pathology, also trauma (e.g. appendicitis, peritonitis) |
| Peritoneal dialysis |
| Acute pain requiring medication |
| Structural defects of airways |
Tracheoesophageal pathology |
| Disorders causing a delay of gastric emptying |
Uncontrolled diabetes |
| Gastroesophageal dyskinesia |
| Abnormalities linked to incompetence of lower oesophageal sphincter or an increased intra-abdominal pressure |
Hiatal hernia |
| Ascites |
| Obesity |
| Neuromuscular disease |
