Effect of TGF-β1 on MMP1, MMP2, and TIMP3 mRNA expression. hVFF seeded on TCP, 2D HA, and 3D HA were treated with various doses of TGF-β1 for 24 h, and were subjected to qPCR. Data are expressed as mRNA expression for MMP1, MMP2, and TIMP3 (ng/μL) relative to β-Actin (ng/μL). The ratios of MMPs to TIMP3 were calculated by β-Actin normalized MMPs over β-Actin normalized TIMP3. Values represent mean±SD of triplicated assays. **p<0.01. (A) TGF-β1-inducible MMP1 mRNA levels; (B) TGF-β1-inducible MMP2 mRNA levels; (C) TGF-β1-inducible TIMP3 mRNA levels; (D) ratios of MMP1 expression to TIMP3; (E) ratios of MMP2 expression to TIMP3.