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Proposed mechanisms of HER2 resistance. Akt, protein kinase B; HER, human epidermal growth factor receptor; HSP90, heat shock protein 90; IGF1R, insulin-like growth factor receptor 1; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MET, mesenchymal epithelial transition factor; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.
