Table 3.

Comparison of spontaneously occurring placental abruption previously reported in NHP.

References	Species	n	Risk factors for abruption present	Gestational age (days or trimester)	Clinical features	Pathology	Spontaneous vs. artificially induced abruptio placentae
Present study	Papio spp.	22	Trauma, multiparity and humane euthanatia	47–189	Refer to tables 1 and 2	Retro-placental clots	Spontaneous
18	Lion-tailed macaque	1	Multiparity	3rd trimester	Maternal weakness, ataxia, pale mucous membranes, hypothermia and IUFD	10 cm retroplacental blood clot	Spontaneous
19	Mandrill, Gorilla	2	N/A*	Term	Stillbirths	N/A	Spontaneous
20	Gorilla	1	Preeclampsia	Term	Proteinuria documented in the second half of the pregnancy, stillbirth	Small placenta, retroplacental hematomas	Spontaneous
21	Macaca mulata	6	N/A	100–120	IUFD of all 6 fetuses	The experimental placental lobe had a dark brown color and showed areas of blood stagnation	Experimental
22, 23	Macaca mulata	7	N/A	Near term	2 cases of live births with severe asphyxia and with secondary brain injury 2 cases of incidental finding of placenta abruption on routine CS	IUFD, retroplacental clots and signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation	Spontaneous
24	Papio spp.	3	Chronic instrumentation of the fetus	132–142	IUFD , 3 fetuses	N/A	Complication of the experimental procedure
25	Macaca fascicularis	2	N/A	> 140	IUFD , 2 fetuses	N/A	Spontaneous

^*Not available, IUFD: Intrauterine fetal demise