Table 2.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and outcomes in analytic epidemiology studies evaluating association between NAFLD, NASH or Cryptogenic cirrhosis presumptively NAFLD-related and HCC by study design.
| 2A. Cohort studies with a comparison group: | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population-based cohort studies with a comparison group | ||||||||||||
| Ref | Author (year) | # NAFLD/NASH/CC cohort | # compeer cohort | Age NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort | Race/Ethnicity % NAFLD/NAS H cohort/Compeer cohort | Gender % NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort | Diabetes % NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort (p-value) | Obesity % NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort (p-value) | Hypertension % NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort (p-value) | Dyslipidemia % NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort (p-ualue) | HCC incidence NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort | HCC mortality NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort |
| 7 | Sorensen H (1998) | 1,210 M C-U, 1,220 F C-U | 7,165 ALD-C, 1690 HCV-C | 58 M and 62 F C-U/52 M 53 M ALD-C , 43 M and 55 F HCV-C | NR | 50% M/42% M HCV-C , 71 % M ALD-C | NR (NA) | NR (NA) | NR (NA) | NR (NA) | 1.9% cumulative incidence among C-U, 1.1% HCV-C, 2.0% ALD-C, SIR Danish population ---43 C-U, 43 HCV-C, 71 ALD-C | NR |
| 9 | Ong J (2008) | 817 NAFLD | 10,468 Normal (no OLD) | 50.4% <40 NAFLD/47.6% <40 Normal-NoOLD | 72% W/79% W | 45% F/54% F | 12%/6% (p<0.0001) | BMI 30+ 40%/22% (p<0.0001) | 33%/23% (p<0.0001) | NR (NA) | NR | 0%/0% cumulative mortality |
| 8 | Sanyal A (2010) | 729,018 NAFLD | 154,386 HCV | HCC cases overall mean 64 years (NR by subgroup) | NR | 66% M HCC cases overall (NR by subgroup) | NR (NA) | NR (NA) | NR (NA) | NR (NA) | cumulative incidence 0.3% HCC with NAFLD (with HCV, HBV, ALD excluded) vs. 0.6% incidence HCV during 6 yrs study period (2002–2008); NAFLD/NASH without HCV, HBV, ALD leading risk factor account 39% cases | NR |
| Clinic-based cohort studies of Cirrhosis possibly NASH-related | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ref | Author (year) | # NAFLD/NASH/CC cohort | # compeer cohort | Age NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort (years) | Race/Ethnicity % NAFLD/NAS H cohort/Compeer cohort | Gender % NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort | Diabetes % NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort (p-value) | Obesity % NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort (p-value) | Hypertension % NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort (p-value) | Dyslipidemia % NASH/NAFLD cohort compeer cohort (p-value) | HCC incidence NASH/NAFLD cohort compeer cohort | HCC mortality NASH/NAFLD cohort /compeer cohort |
| 10 | Ratziu V (2002) | 27 CC-O, 10 CC-L | 117 HCV-C-O,148 HCV-C-L | 62 CC-O, 45 CC-L/54 HCV-C-O and 54 HCV-C-O | NR | Ratio M:F: 1.7 CC-O, 0.7 CC-L/1.7 HCV-C-O and 1.7 HCV-C-L | 88% CC-O, 20% CC-L/39% HCV-C-O and 27% HCV-C-L (p<0.001 CC-O vs. HCV-C-O, CC-L VS. HCV-C-L, NS) | BMI: 30.9 CC-O vs. 28.9 HCV-C-O, 22.6 CC-L vs. 22 HCV-C-L | NR (NA) | Hitrigly---56% CC-O, 13% CC-L/26% HCV-C-O 17% HCV-C-L (<0.001 CC-O vs. HCV-C-O, CC-L vs. HCV-C-L, NS) | 29.6% cumulative incidence in CC-O over 1.8 yrs, 0% CC-L over 3.8 yrs/9.4% HCV-C-O over 2.3 yrs and 19.6% HCV-C-L over 2.5 yrs | NR |
| 11 | Sanyal A (2006) | 74 Child Class A (CCA), 43 Child Class B (CCB), 35 Child Class C (CCC) NASH-C | 75 CCA HCV, 42 CCB HCV, 32 CCC HCV | 55/57 CCA, 43/42 yrs CCB B, 60/69 yrs CCC | 96% White/95% White | 49% M/49% M | 53% CCA, 65% CCB, 63% CCC NASH-C/40% CCA HCV-C, 48% CCB HCV-C, 50% CCC HCV-C (p=0.01) | BMI=33.6 CCA, 34.1 CCB, 34.2 CCC NASH-C/28.3 CCA HCV-C, 30.3 CCB, 29.7 CCC HCV-C (p=0.05) | 47% CCA, 70% CCB, 23% CCC NASH-C/37% CCA, 36% CCB, 14% CCC HCV-C (0.004) | Trigly---210 CCA, 199 CCB, 172 CCC NASH-C/176 CCA, 145 CCB, 110 CCC HCV-C, Chol---210 CCA, 199 CCB, 172 CCC NASH-C/196 CCA, 165 CCB, 128 CCC HCV-C (p=0.003 Trigly, p=0.03, Chol) | NR | Cumulative 10 yr HCC mortality 10 NASH-C 2 of 29 deaths vs. 8 of 44 deaths HCV-C, 25 yr HCC mortality 10 of 149 deaths vs. 25 of 147 HCV-C, p<0.01 |
| 12 | Kojima H (2006) | 24 CC | 48 HCV-C, 24 HBV-C | 58 (/59) and 58 | NR | 52% M/62% M HCV-C and 76% HBV-C | 54%/35% and 13% (NS, p=0.01) | 17%/2% and 0% (p<0.01 both comparisons) | 25%/19% and 13% (NS) | Htrigly-21%/2% and 13% (p<0.01 and NS) | 9 of 24 CC (38% cumulative incidence over 5.7 yrs)vs. 74%HCC in HCV-HBV combined cumulative incidence over 5.9 yrs | NR |
| 13 | Yatsuji S (2009) | 68 NASH-C | 69 HCV-C | 63/61 | NR | 57% F/57% F | 68%/33% (p>0.001) | OB (BMI >=25) 66%/32% (p>0.001) | 47%/43% (NS) | Hyperlip-- 68%/33% (p<0.004) | 5-yr HCC cumulative incidence rate 11.3%/30.5%, (p=0.185)^^ | HCC leading cause death both groups (47% all deaths NASH-C vs. 68% deaths HCV-C) ^^ |
| 14 | Ascha MS (2010) | 195 NASH-C | 315 HCV-C | 57/48 yrs | 96% W/77% W | 44% M/77% M | 73%/33% (p=0.001) | BMI 34.6/28.3 (p<0.001) | Diastolic 64/71 (p<0.001) | NR (NA) | Cumulative incidence 12.8% NASH-C vs. 20.3% HCV-C p=0.03, yearly incidence 2.6% vs. 4.0%, p=0.09 | NR |
| 15 | Bhala A (2011) | 247 NAFLD-CCA (F3-F4) | 264 HCV-F3-F4 | 55 yrs/48 HCV-F3-F4 fibrosis | 92%W/72% W | 60% F/35% F | 51%/17% (p<0.001) | BMI 32.8/27.3 (p<0.001) | NR (NA) | Trigly (mmol/L) 2.2/1.3 Chol (mmol/L) 5.2/4.2 (p<0.001 both) | 6 (2.4%) HCC cumulative incidence over 7.1 yrs/18 (6.8%) HCV-F3-F4 during 6.2 yrs | NR |
| Clinic-based cohort studies of NAFLD-NASH | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ref | Author (year) | # NAFLD/NASH/CC cohort | # compeer cohort | Age NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort | Race/Ethnicity % NAFLD/NAS H cohort/compeer cohort | Gender % NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort | Diabetes % NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort (p-value) | Obesity % NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort (p-value) | Hypertension % NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort (p-value) | Dyslipidemia % NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort (p-value) | HCC incidence NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort | HCC mortality NASH/NAFLD cohort/compeer cohort |
| 16 | Soderberg C (2010) | 118 NAFLD/NASH (67 NAFLD, 51 NASH) | 30 HCV, 10 ALD | NR | NR | 71% M NAFLD, 51% M NASH/ALD, 47% M HCV | NR (NA) | NR (NA) | NR (NA) | NR (NA) | NR | Cumulative HCC mortality 3% NAFLD, 6% NASH/8% ALD and 7% HCV over mean 21 yr follow-up period |
| 17 | Dam-Larsen S (2009) | 170 NAFLD | 247 ALD (biopsy-proven w/o significant fibrosis) | mean baseline: 40 NAFLD, 50 ALD | NR | 28% M/74% M/ALD | 6%/4% ALD (NR) | 69%/20% (NR) | NR (NA) | NR (NA) | NR | 0% NAFLD, 1% ALD cumulative HCC mortality during 20.0 and 21.0 yrs follow-up |
| 18 | AraseY (2011)^^^^ | 1,600 NAFLD/NASH | 1,600 HCV (age>=60) | 62.5/62.6 | 100% Japanese/100% Japanese | 75% M/75% M | 34% DM or pre-DM/28% DM or pre-DM (p<0.001) | BMI 25.1 (2.6)/21.8 (4.0) (<0.001) | 17%/19% (NS) | Trigly--161/99 (p<0.001) | 10 (6% cumulative) HCC incidence or 0.78 per 1000 py rate, 0.83/1000 py M, 0.63/1000 py F/267 (67.9% cumulative HCC with HCV) 20.86 per 1000 py rate 23.75/1000 py M, 10.83/1000 py F HCV) | NR |
| 2B. Natural history cohort studies without a comparison erouo: | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ref | Author (year) | # NAFLD/NASH/CC cohort | # compeer cohort | Age NASH/NAFLD cohort | Race/Ethnicity % NAFLD/NASH cohort | Gender % NASH/NAFLD cohort | Diabetes % NASH/NAFLD cohort (p-value) | Obesity % NASH/NAFLD cohort (p-value) | Hypertension % NASH/NAFLD cohort (p-value) | Dyslipidemia % NASH/NAFLD cohort (p-value) | HCC incidence NASH/NAFLD cohort | HCC mortality NASH/NAFLD cohort |
| 19 | Matteoni C (1999) | 49 Type 1 (FL alone), 10 Type 2 (FL+inflammation), 19 Type 3 (FL and ballooning degeneration), 54 Type 4 (FL, ballooning, and Mallory hyaline or fibrosis) | NA | 53 (15) type 1, 46 (12) type 2, 49 (15) Type 3, 56 (11) Type 4 | 92% W Type 1, 90% W Type 2, 84% Type 3, 83% Type 4 | 59% M Type 1, 40% Type 2, 68% Type 3, 33% Type 4 | 39% Type 1/60% Type 2/50% Type 3/54% Type 4 (NS across subtypes) | BMI 29 Type 1, 32 Type 2, 30 Type 3, 29 Type 4 (NS across subtypes) | NR (NA) | NR (NA) | NR | 1 of 45 with cause death (cumulative 8 year HCC mortality 1.0%, account 2.2% all deaths)-follow-up restricted to 98 outcome data |
| 20 | Adams LA (2005) | 433 NAFLD, 2 CC-MS | NA | 49 (15) yrs | 92% W | 49% M | 26% (NA) | 71% (NA) | 36% (NA) | Hitrigly-68% (NA) | 0.47% cumulative HCC incidence | 0.25% cumulative HCC mortality (2% of all deaths) over 7.6 yr period |
| 21 | Ekstedt M (2006) | 81 NAFLD/NASH | NA | 51 (13), yrs | NR | 70% M | 42% (NA) | 33% (NA) | 94% (NA) | Htrigly-40% (NA) | NR | 2 HCC deaths---2.3% cumulative mortality over 13.7 yr period |
| 22 | Hashimoto E (2009) | 118 NASH-AdvFib (HCC free at baseline) | NA | 50 yrs (*population 348 NASH cases from which 118 cases drawn, no specific data 118) | 100% Japanese | 59% F (*population 348 NASH cases from which 118 cases drawn, no specific data 118) | 43% (*population 348 NASH cases from which 118 cases drawn, no specific data 118) (NA) | 69% (*population 348 NASH cases from which 118 cases drawn, no specific data 118) (NA) | 33% (*population 348 NASH cases from which 118 cases drawn, no specific data 118) (NA) | Hyperlip - 62%^^^ (NA) | 5-yr cumulative HCC incidence 7.6% | NR |
| 23 | Kawamura Y (2011)^^^^ | 6,508 NAFLD/NASH | NA | 49 (23–86) | NR | 88% M | 8% (NA) | BMI 24.8 (NA) | 13% (NA) | Htrygly--138, Total chol 210 (NA) | 16 HCC incidence (0.25%) cumulative rate 0.02% end yr 4, 0.19 end yr 8, 0.51 end year 12, annual incidence 0.043% | NR |
| 2C. Case-control and cross-sectional studies: | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ref | Author (year) | # HCC-NAFLD/NASH/CC cases | # controls | Age cases/controls | Race/Ethnicity % case/controls | Gender % case/controls | Diabetes % case/controls (p-value) | Obesity % case/controls (p-value) | Hypertension % case/controls (p-value) | Dyslipidemia % case/controls (p-value) |
| 24 | Marerro JA (2002) | 30 HCC-CC | 75 HCC-OLD | 57 (16) yrs/62 (13) yrs | 90% White/72% White | 60% F/28% F | 47%/8% (p=0.006) | 58%/25% BMI>30 (p=0.02) | NR (NA) | Htrigly---16%/2%; Hchol---13%/2% (p=0.001, p=0.7) |
| 25 | Bugianesi E (2002) | 23 HCC-CC | 115 (HCC-OLD)---23 HCC-ALD, 46 HCC-HBV, 46 HCV-HCC | 66/63 HCC-OLD---62 (8) HCC-ALD, 58 (9) HCC-HBV, and 67 (8) HCC-HCV | 100% White/100% White HCC-OLD | 17% F/19% F HCC-OLD | 52%/20% HCC-OLD---39% HCC-ALD, 11% HCC-HBV, 20% HCC-HCV (<0.05 HCC-OLD, HCC-HBV, HCC-HCV---NS HCC-ALD) | 41%/16% HCC-OLD pre-cirrhosis obesity; 39%/50% pre-cirrhosis overweight (p=0.009 obesity, NS overweight) | 22%/15% HCC-OLD--0% HCC-ALD, 7% HCC-HBV, 30% HCC-HCV (NS for all) | Hchol---43%/12% HCC-OLD---17% HCCALD, 11% HCC-HBV, 9% HCCHCV Htrigly---26%/3% HCC-OLD--- 4% HCVALD, 2% HCC-HBV, 2% HCCHCV (p<0.01 all) |
| 26 | Regimbeau JM (2004) | 18 HCC-CC | HCC-ALD=36, HCC-HBV/HC V=36 | 66 yrs/NR HCC-HCV/HB V or HCC-ALD | NR | 100% M/100% M | 56%/17% HCC-ALD & 11% HCC-HBV/HC V(0.004 HCC-ALD, 0.009 HCC-HBV/HCV) | 50%/17% HCC-ALD/14% HCC-HBV/HCV (p=0.01 HCC-ALD, p=0.006 HCC-HBV/HCV) | NR (NA) | Hchol--38%/14% HCC-ALD & 17% HCC-HBV/HCV (p=0.04 HCC-ALD, NS HCC-HBV/HCV) |
| 27 | Hashimoto E (2004) | 8 HCC-NASH | 50 HCC-ALD | 65 yrs/68 yrs | NR | 37% M/94% M | 63%/43% (NS) | 63%/25% BMI>25 (NS) | 50%/22% (NR) | Hyplip--25%/10% (NS) |
| 38 | Abe H (2008) | 10 HCC-NASH | HCC-ALD=45, HCC-HBV/HC V=256, HCC-U=7 | median: 71 yrs/69 yrs HCC-ALD/68 HCC-HBV/HC V/65 HCC-U | NR | 30% M/93% M HCC-ALD/71% M HCC-HBV/HCV/71% M HCC-U | 80%/44% HCC-ALD & 31% HCC-HBV/HCV & 14% HCC-U (0.08 HCC-ALD, <0.05 HCC-U, <0.01 HCC-HCV/HBV) | 60%/13% HCC-ALD/9% HCC-HBV/HCV/0% HCC-U for BMI>25, Asian standard OB <0.01 (both HCC-ALD & HCC-HCV/HBV), p<0.05 HCC-U) | NR (NA) | NR (NA) |
| 28 | Sanyal A (2010) | 3,562 HCC-NAFLD/NASH | 458 HCC-HCV | HCC cases overall mean 64 years (NR by subgroup) | NR | 66% M HCC cases overall (NR by subgroup) | 37%/20% (NR) | NR (NA) | NR (NA) | NR (NA) |
| 39 | Paradis V (2009) | 31 HCC-MS(3+ signs) | 81 HCC-CLD, 16 HCC-Cryp | 67 HC-CMS, 59 HCC-CLD, 53 HCC-Cryp | 100% White HCC-MS, NR (HCC-CLD and HCC-Cryp | 97% M HCC-MS, 93% HCC-CLD, 81% HCC-Cryp | 77%/12 % HCC-CLD and 0% HCC-Cryp (p<0.0001) | 48%/12% HCC-CLD and 6% HCC-Cryp (p<0.001) | 84%/18% HCC-CLD and 12.5% HCC-Cryp (p<0.001) | Dyslip-84%/18% HCC-CLD and 13% HCC-Cryp (p<0.001) |
| 29 | Donadon V (2009) | 27 HCC-CC | HCC-HCV 177, HCC-ALD 141, HCC-HBV 20 | 69/72 HCC-HCV,63 (HCC-HBV, 67 HCC-ALD | NR | NR | 70%/27% HCC-HCV, 37% HCC-ALD, 15% HCC-HBV (p<0.00 1 vs. HCC-HCV, and p<0.002 HCC-ALD) | NR(NA) | NR (NA) | NR (NA) |
| 30 | Malik SM (2009) | 17 HCC-NASH-C | 430 HCC-NonNASH 7 81 NASH-C | 59 NASH/63 NASH-HCC/57 HCC-NonNASH | 98% White NASH/94% NASH-HCC W/7% Black HCC-NonNASH 0% Black HCC-NASH | 71% M/40% M NASH/79% M HCC-NonNASH | 73% NASH/71% NASH-HCC/21 % HCC-NonNASH (NS for NASH-C vs. HCC-NASH, p<0.000 1 HCC-NASH vs. HCC-NonNASH) | 61% NASH/71% NASH-HCC BMI>=30/27% HCC-NonNASH (NS vs. NASH-C, p<0.0001 vs. HCC-NonNASH) | 51% NASH-C/47% NASH-HCC/20% HCC-NonNASH (NS vs. NASH-C, p=0.01 vs. HCC-NonNASH) | NR (NA) |
| 22 | Sorrentino P (2009) | 51 HCC-NASH-C | 102 NAMSH-C | 68/66 NASH-C | 100% White | 76% M/76% M | 86%/52% NASH-C (p=0.02) | BMI 31.8/29.9 NASH-C (NS) | 29%/22% NASH-C (NS) | NR (NA) |
| 8 | Hashimoto E (2009) | 34 HCC-NASH | 348 NASH | 70/50 yrs | 100% Japanese | 38% F/59% F | 74%/43% (p=0.002) | 62%/69% (NS) | 47%/33% (NS) | Hyplip 29%/62% (p=0.001) |
| 32 | Ertle J (2010) | 36 HCC-NASH & 23 HCC-C, MS | 35 HCC-HCV, 29 HCC-HBV, 19 HCC-ALD, 8 HCC-OLD | 69 HCC-NASH & 68) HCC-C-MS/60 HCC-HBV, 64 HCC-HCV, 66 HCC-ALD, 60 HCC-OLD | 97% W HCC-NASH & 100% W HCC-C-MS/ 55% HCC-HBV, 77% HCC-HCV, 89% HCC-ALD, 88% HCC-OLD | 89% HCC-NASH and 78% HCC-C-MS Male/83% HCC-HBV, 77% HCC-HCV, 89% HCC-ALD, 88% HCC-OLD Male | 64% NASH and 22% HCC-C-MS/35%, 29%, 58%, 25% (NR) | BMI 29 HCC-NASH & 24 HCC-C-MS/27, 25, 28, 27 (NR) | NR (NA) | NR (NA) |
| 31 | Tokushige K (2010) | 34 HCC-NASH | 56 HCC-HCV | 70/72 yrs | NR | 62% M/59% M | 74%/23% HCC-HCV (p<0.001) | (BMI>=25) 65%/34% (0.004) | 41%/30% (NS) | Hyplip-29%/8% (p=0.008) |
| 33 | Cho EJ (2011) | 54 HCC-NAFLD (27 HBVcore−, 27 HBVcore+, none HBVsAg+ or IgG+) | 252 HCC-HBVprior, 23 HCC-U | 67 HCC-NAFLD (HBVc−), 64 HCC-NAFLD (HBVC+, prior), 61 ( HCC-HBVc+Ig G+,62 HCC-U | 100% Korean | 76% M overall (NR case/control status) | 69%/24% HCC-HBVprior, 26% HCC-U (p<0.001, p<0.05) | 63%/26% HCC-HBVprior, 27% HCC-U (<0.001, <0.05) | NR (NA) | NR (NA) |
| 37 | Tokushige K (2011) | 292 HCC-NAFLD | 991 HCC-ALD and 614 HCC-U | 72/68 HCC-ALD/73 HCC-U | NR | 38% F/4% HCC-ALD F/37% HCC-U F | 70%/49% HCC-ALD/43% HCC-U (p<0.001) | 27%/24% HCC-ALD/24% HCC-U BMI>25 (p<0.001) | 60%/43%/46% (p<0.001) | Hyplip-35%/14%/15% (p<0.001) |
| 34 | Takuma Y (2011) | 36 HCC-CC | 211 HCC-HCV (interfer on naïve) | 74/70 | NR | 56% M/64% M | 53%/30% (p=0.01) | 56%/18% OB (p<0.001) | 47%/46% (NS) | Hylip-17%/4% (p=0.01) |
| 35 | Yang JD (2011) | 52 HCC-NAFLD | 139 HCC-OLD and 77 HCC-U | 100% > 60 | 83% White overall | NR | 80%/37% HCC-OLD/35% HCC-U (p=0.88) | mean BMI (SD)=34 (5.5) vs 28 (5.0) HCC-OLD vs 29 (5.9) HCC-U (0.24) | 72%/51% HCC-OLD/61% HCC-U (p=0.20) | NR (NA) |
| 36 | Wakai T (2011) | 17 HCC-NAFLD | 147 HCC-HCV and 61 HCC-HBV | >65yrs = 76%/57% HCC-HCV and 23% HCC-HBV | 100% Japanese | 41% F/27% F HCC-HCV and 30% F HCC-HBV | NR (NA) | BMI>=25 41%/16% HCC-HCV and 20% HCC-HBV (<0.001) | NR (NA) | NR (NA) |
LEGEND FOR TABLE 2 (2A-2C):
^
% obesity unless otherwise specified;
^^
21 concomitantly diagnosed HCC at baseline not included HCC incidence calculations;
^^^
population 348 NASH cases from which 118 cases drawn, no specific data 118;
^^^^^
on-line full publication available 2011, hard copy publication 2012
Abbreviations:, ALD, alcohol-related liver disease; C, cirrhosis; CC, cryptogenic cirrhosis; Chol, cholesterol; CLD, chronic liver disease known cause; Cryp, cryptogenic; DYS, dyslipidemia; F, female; FL, fatty liver; hepatitis B virus, HBV; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HypChol, hypercholesteremia; HypTrigl, hypertriglycedemia; M, male; MS, metabolic syndrome; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported; NS, not statistically significant; OLD, other liver disease cause; OV, overweight; pros, prospective; retro, retrospective; Trigly, Triglyceride; U, unknown cause.