Table 3.
Frequency of occurrence and unadjusted odds ratios for pregnancy, delivery and family history characteristics of boys with congenital and acquired cryptorchidism or hernia/hydrocele relative to unaffected control subjects*
| Control | Cryptorchidism | Hernia/hydrocele | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Congenital | Acquired | ||||||
| N (%) |
N (%) |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
N (%) |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
N (%) |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
|
| Pregnancy history | |||||||
| Prior miscarriage or stillbirth |
93 (26%) |
78 (34%) |
1.4* (1.0, 2.1) |
58 (33%) |
1.3# (0.9, 2.0) |
39 (38%) |
1.6* (1.0, 2.6) |
| Primiparity | 71 (20%) |
57 (25%) |
1.3# (0.9, 1.9) |
17 (9%) |
0.4** (0.2, 0.7) |
16 (15%) |
0.7 (0.4, 1.3) |
| Index pregnancy characteristics | |||||||
| Subfertility treatment | 8 (2%) |
7 (3%) |
1.3 (0.5, 3.7) |
10 (5%) |
2.5# (0.9, 6.5) |
5 (5%) |
2.2# (0.7, 6.8) |
| Persistent nausea and/or vomiting |
20 (6%) |
29 (13%) |
2.4** (1.3, 4.4) |
12 (7%) |
1.2 (0.6, 2.5) |
5 (5%) |
0.8 (0.3, 2.3) |
| Diabetes | 18 (5%) |
12 (5%) |
1.0 (0.5, 2.2) |
6 (3%) |
0.6 (0.3, 1.6) |
5 (5%) |
0.9 (0.3, 2.3) |
| Hypertension | 22 (6%) |
19 (8%) |
1.4 (0.7, 2.6) |
19 (10%) |
1.8# (0.9, 3.4) |
5 (5%) |
0.8 (0.3, 2.1) |
| Premature labor^ | 43 (12%) |
40 (17%) |
1.5# (0.9, 2.3) |
31 (17%) |
1.4# (0.9, 2.3) |
7 (7%) |
0.5# (0.2, 1.1) |
| Vaginal bleeding | 24 (7%) |
10 (4%) |
0.6 (0.3, 1.3) |
12 (7%) |
1.0 (0.5, 2.0) |
2 (2%) |
0.3# (0.1, 1.2) |
| Caesarian section | 57 (17%) |
25 (11%) |
0.6# (0.4, 1.0) |
22 (13%) |
0.7 (0.4, 1.2) |
1 (1%) |
0.1** (0.01, 0.4) |
| Family history | |||||||
| Cryptorchidism | |||||||
| • Any | 12 (3%) |
49 (22%) |
7.9** (4.1, 15.2) |
36 (20%) |
7.2** (3.6, 14.2) |
2 (2%) |
0.6 (0.1, 2.5) |
| • First-degree relative |
4 (1%) |
15 (7%) |
6.1** (2.0, 18.8) |
16 (9%) |
8.7** (2.9, 26,5) |
1 (1%) |
0.8 (0.1, 7.7) |
| Inguinal hernia | |||||||
| • Any | 3 (1%) |
22 (10%) |
12.5** (3.7, 42.3) |
19 (11%) |
13.9** (4.1, 47.8) |
13 (12%) |
16.6** (4.6, 59.4) |
| • First-degree relative |
1 (0.3%) |
4 (2%) |
6.3# (0.7, 56.5) |
6 (3%) |
12.3* (1.5, 102.8) |
0 | |
*
OR, odds ratio, CI, confidence interval
**
p<0.01
*
p<0.05
#
p<0.2.
^
Uterine contractions with or without delivery prior to 37 weeks’ gestation