Table 3.

Odds Ratios of Multilevel Logistic Models for Risk of Obesity among Women

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Individual-level variables
Non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB)	1.841***	1.786***	1.815***	1.749***
Hispanics	1.553***	1.562**	1.560**	1.484***
Others	0.469**	0.504***	0.514***	0.488***
Age	1.091***	1.093***	1.087***	1.087***
Age-squared	0.999***	0.999***	0.999***	0.999***
US-born	2.057***	2.091***	2.067***	2.093***
Currently married	0.976	0.973	0.947	0.947
High school graduates	1.006	1.006	1.001	1.005
College degree or above	0.586**	0.623***	0.633**	0.631**
Poverty income ratioa	0.867***	0.905***	0.905***	0.904***
Current smoker	0.699***	0.682***	0.691***	0.693***
NHANES 2005–2006	1.128*	1.175***	1.167***	1.151**
NHANES 2007–2008	1.108***	1.145**	1.140*	1.134**
Neighborhood-level variables
Socioeconomic status (SES)b		0.803***	0.764***	0.719***
Ethnic heterogeneityc		0.901	0.922
Population densityd			1.039**	1.020*
Street connectivitye			0.951***	0.935***
Neighborhood age			0.967
Percent residents walking to work			0.811***	0.802***
Distance to parks			1.071**	1.074**
σ2u	0.342	0.336	0.352	0.353
ρ (intraclass correlation)	0.094	0.093	0.097	0.097
AIC	5445.605	5417.367	5405.461	5405.995

Sample size: 4,776 women living in 1,611 census tracts

^†p <= 0.10;

^*p <= 0.05;

^**p <= 0.01;

^***p <= 0.001 (two-tailed tests)

Source: 2003–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Notes:

^aPoverty income ratio (PIR) is a ratio in which the numerator is a family’s household income and the denominator is the appropriate poverty threshold given the family’s size and composition.

^bA composite scale of neighborhood SES was constructed based on percent affluent households, percent residents in poverty and percent college educated residents.

^cAn index of ethnic heterogeneity is calculated as $1-{\displaystyle \sum _i}{p_i}^2$ where p_i is the fraction of the population in a given group.

^dPopulation density is measured by number of residents per square miles.

^eStreet connectivity is measured by number of intersections per square miles.