Table 4.
Effect of wholegrain intervention on biomarkers of cardiovascular health
(Percentage change compared with the control group and 95% confidence intervals)
| Difference (%) from control group mean |
95% CI | |
|---|---|---|
| Lipid profile | ||
| Total cholesterol | −0·60 | −2·25, 1·09 |
| HDL | −1·63 | −3·37, 0·15 |
| LDL (calculated) | −1·01 | −3·65, 1·71 |
| TAG | 2·24 | −2·88, 7·64 |
| Insulin sensitivity | ||
| Glucose | −0·82 | −1·95, 0·32 |
| Insulin | 1·84 | −4·12, 8·17 |
| NEFA | −3·11 | −9·26, 3·47 |
| QUICKI | −0·30 | −1·26, 0·66 |
| R-QUICKI | 0·62 | −0·96, 2·22 |
| Inflammatory status | ||
| Sialic acid | 0·44 | −1·21, 2·12 |
| CRP | −1·20 | −12·32, 11·32 |
| IL-6 | ND | – |
| Coagulatory status | ||
| Fibrinogen | 1·31 | −2·03, 4·76 |
| PAI-1 | −2·78 | −22·12, 21·36 |
| Endothelial function | ||
| ICAM-1 | −0·66 | −2·93, 1·66 |
| VCAM-1 | −0·81 | −3·39, 1·83 |
| E-selectin | −1·46 | −5·17, 2·40 |
| Anthropometric measures | ||
| Systolic BP | −0·73 | −2·17, 0·73 |
| Diastolic BP | −0·18 | −1·99, 1·66 |
| Weight | −0·01 | −0·49, 0·46 |
| Waist | 0·1 | −0·7, 0·9 |
| Body fat percentage | 0 | −0·4, 0·4 |
QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; R-QUICKI, revised QUICKI; CRP, C-reactive protein; ND, not determined; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; BP, blood pressure.