Table 1.

Summary of the sample, intervention, and outcome measures used in included studies.

Author (year)	Clinical population	Intervention	Patient-reported outcomes	Other measures
Nilsson et al. [43]	109 adults with painful carpometacarpal OA*	Surgical implantation of Artelon carpometacarpal joint spacer	Pain VAS*   DASH* questionnaire	Strength: lateral and three-finger pinch ROM: thumb abduction
Bisneto et al. [44]	20 adults with wrist OA, with a diagnosis of scapholunate advanced collapse (n = 4) or scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse (n = 16)	Proximal row carpectomy or four-corner fusion	DASH questionnaire Pain VAS	ROM*: wrist flexion/extension, radial/ulnar deviation, pronation/supination Strength: grip, pulp-pulp, lateral, and three-finger pinch Two-point discrimination: 2nd and 5th fingers, dorsum of 1st web Hand and wrist volume Jebson-Taylor functional test
Ritchie and Belcher [45]	41 adults with OA of the trapeziometacarpal joint	Trapeziectomy (anterior or posterior approach)	ADL* questionnaire (10 items relating to hand function) Hand function VAS Thumb pain VAS Power VAS Range of motion VAS Cosmesis VAS	ROM: thumb joint including opposition, palmar abduction, and extension of trapeziometacarpal joint Strength: grip, thumb, and three-finger pinch Radiograph Scar tenderness
Belcher and Nicholl [46]	36 adults (42 hands) with OA of the trapeziometacarpal joint	Trapeziectomy (with/without ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition)	ADL* questionnaire (10-items relating to hand function) Hand function VAS Thumb pain VAS Satisfaction with surgery VAS	ROM: thumb interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal and trapeziometacarpal joints Strength: grip, thumb and three finger pinch Radiograph
Horlock and Belcher [47]	39 adults (40 hands) with OA of the 1st carpometacarpal joint	Early versus late mobilisation following simple trapeziectomy	Hand function VAS Thumb pain VAS	ROM: interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal and first carpometacarpal joints Strength: grip, thumb and three finger pinch Radiograph
Jain et al. [48]	62 adults (84 joints) with painful OA of the trapeziometacarpal joint	Transdermal steroids	Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ) Short form 12 (SF12) Pain VAS	ROM: thumb hyperextension Thumb adduction contractures Strength: grip, tip-to-tip, and lateral pinch
Fuchs et al. [49]	56 adults with OA of the carpometacarpal joint	Intra-articular injection (sodium hyaluronate)	Pain VAS	Heat, swelling, and crepitations under palpation Strength: lateral and pulp pinch ROM: radial and palmar abduction/adduction, opposition
Davis et al. [50]	162 women (183 thumbs) with OA of the trapeziometacarpal joint	Trapeziectomy	—	Subjective measures of: thumb pain, stiffness, and restriction of ADLs Strength: grip, tip-to-tip and lateral pinch ROM: thumb joint, palmar and radial abduction, opposition, and hyperextension
Kriegs-Au et al. [51]	43 adults (53 thumbs) with OA of the thumb carpometacarpal joint	Trapeziectomy with ligament reconstruction (with/without tendon interposition)	Questionnaires relating to pain, strength, daily function, dexterity, cosmetic appearance, willingness to undergo similar surgery, and satisfaction with surgery 10-item questionnaire relating to functional tasks	Buck-Gramcko score ROM: Palmar and radial abduction, opposition, and hyperextension Strength: grip and tip pinch Radiograph
Weiss et al. [52]	25 adults with OA of the carpometacarpal joint	Custom-made short opponens thermoplastic or prefabricated short neoprene splints	Pain severity/duration VAS Tip pinch pain VAS 22-item ADLs questionnaire Splint rating VAS	Strength: Tip pinch Radiograph
Field et al. [53]	65 adults with OA of the carpometacarpal joint	Trapeziectomy (with or without flexor carpi radialis suspension)	Pain VAS	ROM: thumb joint, radial, and palmer abduction, 1st web space span Strength: grip, three-finger and, tip pinch Radiograph Procedure satisfaction
De Smet et al. [54]	56 females with painful OA of the 1st carpometacarpal joint	Trapeziectomy (with or without tendon interposition/ligament reconstruction)	Pain VAS Pain relief questionnaire DASH questionnaire Functional outcome questionnaire	ROM: all thumb joints, web angle Strength: grip and three-finger pinch Radiograph
Davis and Pace [55]	113 adults (133 thumbs) with OA of the trapeziometacarpal joint	Trapeziectomy: with ligament reconstruction, tendon interposition, and Kirschner wire insertion followed by splintage or with no Kirschner wire and immobilisation in a soft bandage	Patient Evaluation Measure (PEM) DASH questionnaire	Thumb pain, strength, and stiffness ROM: trapeziometacarpal joint extension, palmar abduction, opposition, and metacarpophalangeal hyperextension Strength: grip, three-finger, and tip pinch

*Abbreviations: OA: osteoarthritis, DASH: disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire, VAS: visual analogue scale, ROM: range of motion.