Current state of research on the chloroplast phosphorylation network. Depicted are established kinase regulations together with the known kinase targets (red, red arrows). Phosphatases that counteract kinase activity are presented in blue. The regulation of the long-term-response (LTR) by kinases of the thylakoid membrane system involves changes in nuclear gene expression and is marked with a dashed line. For further details see main text. CEF, cyclic electron flow; GSH, GSSG, reduced, oxidized glutathione; TAC, transcriptionally active chromosome; PEP, plastid encoded RNA polymerase; CKII, casein kinase II; CSK, chloroplast sensor kinase; RNP, RNA-binding protein; PQ, PQH2, plastoquinone, plastoquinol; PSII, PSI, photosystem II/I; ATPB, β subunit of ATP synthase; PC, plastocyanin; SIG1, SIG6, sigma factor 1/6; TrxZ, thioredoxin; PRIN2, plastid redox insensitive; LHC, light harvesting complex.