Table 3.
Multi-level logistic model analysis for determinants of fever among children under age five
| Variable | Ghana | Nigeria | Kenya | Sierra leon | All countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Wealth index |
|
|
|
|
|
| Poorer |
1.09 |
1.09** |
0.88 |
0.97 |
0.95 |
| |
(0.83-1.42) |
(1.01-1.19) |
(0.72-1.07) |
(0.80-1.14) |
(0.86-1.04) |
| Middle |
1.38** |
1.17*** |
1.19* |
1.05 |
0.88** |
| |
(1.02-1.85) |
(1.06-1.28) |
(0.97-1.45) |
(0.88-1.25) |
(0.79-0.98) |
| Richer |
1.17 |
0.96 |
1.41*** |
1.14 |
0.8*** |
| |
(0.84-1.64) |
(0.86-1.07) |
(1.15-1.74) |
(0.95-1.38) |
(0.71-0.90) |
| Richest |
0.62** |
0.87* |
1.4*** |
1.07 |
0.6*** |
| |
(0.40-0.98) |
(0.76-1.00) |
(1.11-1.75) |
(0.85-1.36) |
(0.52-0.69) |
| Child age |
0.66*** |
0.93** |
0.98 |
1.05 |
0.66*** |
| |
(0.51-0.83) |
(0.87-1.00) |
(0.85-1.14) |
(0.92-1.19) |
(0.60-0.72) |
| Child slept under bed net |
1.38* |
0.81*** |
1.32*** |
1.23** |
0.8** |
| |
(0.99-1.93) |
(0.70-0.94) |
(1.07-1.63) |
(1.02-1.19) |
(0.67-0.97) |
| Mother slept |
0.66** |
1.13 |
0.71*** |
0.81** |
1.23** |
| |
(0.47-0.92) |
(0.97-1.31) |
(0.58-0.87) |
(0.68-0.98) |
(1.02-1.49) |
| Health insurance coverage |
0.98 |
1 |
0.54*** |
0.72 |
1.33* |
| |
(0.80-1.19) |
(0.73-1.37) |
(0.39-0.74) |
(0.47-1.09) |
(0.98-1.82) |
| Child sex |
1.3*** |
1.01 |
1.05 |
1.06 |
1.08** |
| |
(1.09-1.56) |
(0.96-1.08) |
(0.94-1.18) |
(0.96-1.18) |
(1.00-1.15) |
| Mother’s age square |
1 |
1 |
1*** |
1*** |
1 |
| |
(1.00-1.00) |
(1.00-1.00) |
(1.00-1.00) |
(1.00-1.00) |
(1.00-1.00) |
| Square root of child age |
3.41*** |
1.71*** |
1.13 |
1.42** |
2.22*** |
| |
(1.98-5.89) |
(1.47-1.98) |
(0.82-1.57) |
(1.08-1.87) |
(1.88-2.63) |
| Water |
1.24 |
1.04 |
0.97 |
1.03 |
1 |
| |
(0.95-1.61) |
(0.97-1.11) |
(0.85-1.11) |
(0.91-1.17) |
(0.92-1.08) |
| Toilet |
1.01 |
1.14*** |
0.59*** |
1 |
1.28*** |
| |
(1.78-1.30) |
(1.06-1.22) |
(0.50-0.70) |
(0.88-1.15) |
(1.19-1.39) |
| Tuberculosis vaccination |
0.63** |
0.98 |
0.64*** |
0.47*** |
1.22*** |
| |
(0.41-0.96) |
(0.89-1.08) |
(0.48-0.85) |
(0.38-0.58) |
(1.11-1.35) |
| Polio vaccination |
1.09 |
0.77*** |
1.14 |
0.99 |
0.95 |
| |
(0.69-1.71) |
(0.72-0.84) |
(0.87-1.49) |
(0.81-1.21) |
(0.87-1.04) |
| Measles Vaccination |
1.16 |
0.76*** |
1.16 |
0.75*** |
0.93 |
| |
(0.83-1.61) |
(0.69-0.83) |
(0.96-1.41) |
(0.64-0.88) |
(0.85-1.02) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
| Variance |
0.05 |
0.25 |
0.11 |
0.22 |
|
| Standard Deviation |
0.03 |
0.06 |
0.06 |
0.09 |
|
| ICC | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.06 |
Note: 1. 95% confidence interval are reported in parenthesis.
2. ***, **, * show significance at 1%, 5% and 10% respectively.