Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of cases and controls
| Cases | Controls | |
|---|---|---|
|
Number |
449 |
130 |
|
Gender (M/F) (%) |
292/157 (65/35) |
83/47 (65/35) |
|
Age (yrs) |
8.7±2.9 |
8.3±2.9 |
|
Height (cm)* |
135.4±19.3 |
130.9±18.8 |
|
Height-SDS*** |
0.8±1.2 |
0.4±1.2 |
|
Weight (kg)* |
39.4±15.0 |
35.5±17.4 |
|
BMI (kg/m2)* |
20.5±4.5 |
19.4±4.9 |
|
BMI-SDS ** |
1.35 (−5; 5) |
0.98 (−3; 3) |
|
Father’s educational level n (%)a |
|
|
|
Elementary |
35 (8.6) |
17 (13.4) |
|
Middle school |
177 (43.7) |
63 (49.6) |
|
High school |
159 (39.2) |
42 (33.0) |
|
Degree |
34 (8.4) |
5 (3.9) |
|
Mother’s educational level n (%)a |
|
|
|
Elementary |
38 (9.3) |
19 (14.7) |
|
Middle school |
171 (42.0) |
53 (41.0) |
|
High school |
164 (40.2) |
50 (38.7) |
| Degree | 34 (8.3) | 7 (5.4) |
Data are expressed as mean±SD or number (%), as appropriate.
Variables not normally distributed (BMI-SDS) were logarithmically transformed; results are expressed as untransformed values (median, min; max). The independent sample t-test was used to compare the means of continuous variables, while the chi-square test was used for categorical variables.
* p < 0.01 ** p = 0.008 *** p < 0.001.
a Information about parents educational level was not available for all the cases and controls.