Table 1.

Elements, Measurements, and Hypotheses. Variables were listed along with how they were measured, comments for clarification of the variable or the measurement, the type of analysis used (either acoustic or subjective), the level of the analysis (speech sample length), the rationale behind inclusion of the variable, and the specific a priori hypotheses associated with the variable. Note that some variables, such as attack, were added post-hoc, and were indicated as such. This table was included for clarification.

Prosodic Element	Measurement	Comments	Type of Analysis	Level of Analysis and Sample Used	Rationale	Hypotheses
Acoustic Analysis
Pause Proportion	Percentage of time the sample contained a pitch above baseline from time of first utterance to final utterance.	This would include utterances such as “uh”, for example, as well as proper words.	Acoustic	Paragraph (Admire, Store) Sentence (Nutmeg)	Self-generated sentences selected as the natural flow of speech was of interest. Nutmeg included in contrast as was neutral and pre-determined sentence. Analyses performed “blind” to content.	Admire, Store SPD > HC Nutmeg SPD = HC
Duration	Time from beginning to end of a defined speech sample. Beginning and end were determined by detecting a change in pitch.	Analogous to how fast someone speaks a given word.	Acoustic	Word (“adorable”) Word-fragment (“dora”)	Emotional word “adorable” selected as wanted to measure impact of emotion on speech speed. “Dora” also included as unknown how short an utterance would be necessary to see group differences.	“adorable” “dora” No hypothesis
Attack	Rise in amplitude (loudness) over time for a given phoneme. Beginning defined as change in slope from baseline. Occasionally slope changed direction. To ensure reproducibility, end defined by maximum amplitude.	Analogous to with how much “punch” or stress an utterance was said. Element added post-hoc as wished to explore as many variables as possible.	Acoustic	Syllable (“Nut”, “do”)	“Nut” selected as beginning of neutral sentence. “do” was isolated from “adorable” as visual inspection of data blind to diagnostic group suggested most variation in frequency.	“Nut” “do” No hypotheses
Pitch Variability	Standard deviation in Hertz of the pitch maximum and minimum across an utterance, same as the standard deviation of the fundamental frequency	Change in pitch Analogous to amount of variation in inflection	Acoustic	Sentence (Nutmeg, Puppy) Word (“adorable”) Word-fragment (“dora”)	Predetermined sentences used in order to control for content. “adorable” and “dora” were included as it was unknown how short an utterance could be and still demonstrate group differences.	Nutmeg SPD = HC Puppy SPD < HC “adorable” “dora” No hypotheses
Subjective Analysis
Rating of Amount of Pauses	Mean amount of pauses along Likert scale perceived by raters.	Tapped into same aspect of speech as pause proportion above, but subjectively rated	Subjective	Paragraph (Admire, Store)	Self-generated paragraphs used in order to have naturalistic sample. Raters likely unable to “blind” themselves to content, that is, their assessments may be affected by content. Unknown the degree to which raters “tuned out” the “ums” and “ahs” that occur naturally in speech.	Admire SPD > HC Store SPD > HC
Emotion Portrayed	Mean degree along Likert scale that the raters thought the subject spoke with emotion.	How emotional the subject sounded Admire minus Store added post-hoc	Subjective	Paragraph (Admire, Store) Paragraph (Admire minus Store)	Self-generated paragraphs used in order to have naturalistic sample. Admire minus Store was examined to see if subjects altered the emotional valence of their speech with the more evocative probe, Admire, than they did with the less evocative probe, Store. Raters likely unable to “blind” themselves to content, that is, their assessments may be affected by content.	Admire SPD < HC Store SPD < HC Admire – Store SPD < HC
Hear More	Mean degree along Likert scale that the raters said that they wanted to hear more from the subject.		Subjective	Paragraph (Admire, Store)	Self-generated paragraphs used in order to have naturalistic sample. Raters likely unable to “blind” themselves to content, that is, their assessments may be affected by content.	Admire SPD < HC Store SPD < HC