Table 4.
Associations of food security status with BMI and obesity among low-income women: California Health Interview Survey, 2003–2009
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI (kg/m2) | Weighted % | |||||||||
| n | % | Mean | se | Adjusted difference* | 95 % CI | Mean | se | Adjusted PR* | 95 % CI | |
| All low-income women | ||||||||||
| High/marginal food security | 13 482 | 62 | 26·9 | 0·1 | Ref. | 24·8 | 0·6 | Ref. | ||
| Low food security | 5342 | 25 | 28·1 | 0·2 | 0·3 | −0·0, 0·7 | 29·7 | 1·0 | 1·04 | 0·97, 1·13 |
| Very low food security | 3273 | 13 | 29·0 | 0·3 | 0·9 | 0·4, 1·4 | 35·1 | 1·6 | 1·14 | 1·04, 1·25 |
| Non-Hispanic white | ||||||||||
| High/marginal food security | 4883 | 63 | 26·3 | 0·1 | Ref. | 23·7 | 0·9 | Ref. | ||
| Low food security | 1515 | 19 | 27·3 | 0·3 | 0·6 | −0·1, 1·2 | 28·6 | 2·0 | 1·09 | 0·95, 1·25 |
| Very low food security | 1409 | 19 | 27·6 | 0·4 | 0·3 | −0·3, 1·0 | 28·5 | 2·6 | 1·01 | 0·85, 1·21 |
| African American | ||||||||||
| High/marginal food security | 860 | 57 | 28·5 | 0·4 | Ref. | 36·5 | 2·6 | Ref. | ||
| Low food security | 359 | 24 | 29·9 | 0·6 | 0·4 | −0·9, 1·8 | 40·1 | 3·8 | 1·06 | 0·85, 1·31 |
| Very low food security | 299 | 19 | 30·3 | 1·1 | 1·4 | −0·4, 3·2 | 37·2 | 5·3 | 1·00 | 0·75, 1·32 |
| Hispanic/Latino | ||||||||||
| High/marginal food security | 5763 | 60 | 27·8 | 0·1 | Ref. | 28·5 | 0·9 | Ref. | ||
| Low food security | 2838 | 28 | 28·6 | 0·2 | 0·2 | −0·3, 0·6 | 31·7 | 1·3 | 1·00 | 0·91, 1·10 |
| Very low food security | 1265 | 12 | 29·8 | 0·4 | 1·1 | 0·4, 1·9 | 40·0 | 2·3 | 1·22 | 1·08, 1·38 |
| Asian | ||||||||||
| High/marginal food security | 1594 | 73 | 22·7 | 0·2 | Ref. | 4·9 | 1·1 | Ref. | ||
| Low food security | 474 | 23 | 24·3 | 0·5 | 1·1 | 0·3, 2·0 | 10·9 | 3·3 | 1·57 | 0·95, 2·60 |
| Very low food security | 110 | 4 | 24·3 | 0·7 | 0·4 | −1·2, 1·9 | 10·6 | 4·5 | 0·99 | 0·37, 2·65 |
| Multi-racial | ||||||||||
| High/marginal food security | 382 | 60 | 26·4 | 0·5 | Ref. | 17·9 | 3·0 | Ref. | ||
| Low food security | 156 | 22 | 26·9 | 1·0 | −0·2 | −2·0, 1·6 | 27·3 | 5·3 | 1·25 | 0·80, 1·97 |
| Very low food security | 190 | 18 | 29·3 | 1·0 | 0·9 | −1·1, 2·9 | 36·7 | 5·2 | 1·37 | 0·98, 1·92 |
Ref., reference category.
*From linear and Poisson regression models adjusted for age categories, birthplace, English proficiency, general health status, smoking status, family type, employment status, poverty level and education level. Models for all low-income women additionally adjusted for race/ethnicity.