Table 4.
Descriptive data for repeated measure ANOVA analyses, comparing children in the heavy prenatal alcohol exposure group (ALC) to the IQ-matched comparison group (IQC), selected to have FSIQ between 85–115, on neuropsychological outcome variables
| Neuropsychological Variable | ALC mean (SD) (n = 38) | IQC mean (SD) (n = 38) | p-value | Cohens d** |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Broad Variables | ||||
| PPVT–III | 102.00 (14.88) | 104.58 (11.14) | .322 | 0.20 |
| BNT | 92.17 (19.07) | 95.00 (14.45) | .408 | 0.17 |
| COWA Letter Fluency | 93.97 (14.49) | 93.80 (18.71) | .956 | 20.01 |
| COWA Category Fluency | 91.97 (19.43) | 101.54 (17.21) | .011 | 0.52 |
| WCST (composite %) | 96.79 (13.73) | 104.14 (15.24) | .021 | 0.51 |
| VMI | 87.55 (9.37) | 91.79 (12.29) | .030 | 0.39 |
| Grooved Pegboard | 99.09 (10.04) | 95.74 (9.49) | .135 | 20.34 |
| WRAT–3 Reading | 99.18 (13.48) | 105.00 (13.52) | .032 | 0.43 |
| WRAT–3 Spelling | 93.95 (12.93) | 102.21 (13.69) | .015 | 0.62 |
| WRAT–3 Arithmetic | 94.00 (14.21) | 103.63 (16.01) | .012 | 0.64 |
| Verbal Learning/Recall | ||||
| CVLT–C Trial 5* | −0.37 (1.20) | 0.29 (1.02) | .013 | 0.59 |
| CVLT–C A Total* | −0.40 (0.96) | 0.52 (0.97) | <.001 | 0.95 |
| CVLT–C SDF* | −0.33 (1.00) | 0.45 (0.95) | .004 | 0.80 |
| CVLT–C LDF* | −0.38 (1.28) | 0.43 (0.89) | .001 | 0.73 |
| Retention of Verbal Material | 8.93 (3.63) | 9.65 (3.42) | .096 | 0.20 |
| Visual Sustained Attention | ||||
| TOVA Commission Errors, Block 1 | 89.79 (31.41) | 92.80 (23.80) | .648 | 0.11 |
| TOVA Commission Errors, Block 2 | 86.77 (31.83) | 84.09 (30.57) | .705 | −0.09 |
| TOVA Commission Errors, Block 3 | 91.94 (15.38) | 90.49 (23.37) | .703 | −0.07 |
| TOVA Commission Errors, Block 4 | 96.32 (18.60) | 93.03 (22.41) | .458 | −0.16 |
| TOVA Omission Errors, Block 1 | 90.05 (30.19) | 84.61 (31.46) | .442 | −0.18 |
| TOVA Omission Errors, Block 2 | 81.63 (32.47) | 83.27 (28.69) | .810 | 0.05 |
| TOVA Omission Errors, Block 3 | 78.03 (33.66) | 82.83 (29.82) | .538 | 0.15 |
| TOVA Omission Errors, Block 4 | 73.11 (34.54) | 81.83 (28.11) | .227 | 0.28 |
| Behavior Problems | ||||
| CBCL Anxious/Depressed* | 61.59 (10.80) | 54.37 (6.23) | .002 | −0.82 |
| CBCL Withdrawn/Depressed* | 61.03 (10.28) | 52.95 (4.85) | <.001 | −1.01 |
| CBCL Somatic Complaints | 58.77 (9.34) | 55.37 (7.43) | .093 | −0.40 |
| CBCL Social Problems* | 67.31 (13.14) | 53.58 (6.10) | <.001 | −1.34 |
| CBCL Thought Problems* | 62.36 (10.31) | 53.53 (5.68) | <.001 | −1.06 |
| CBCL Attention Problems* | 69.08 (9.22) | 54.03 (6.00) | <.001 | −1.93 |
| CBCL Rule-Breaking Behavior* | 63.34 (9.29) | 52.74 (4.12) | <.001 | −1.48 |
| CBCL Aggressive Behavior* | 65.63 (10.71) | 52.39 (4.73) | <.001 | −1.60 |
Note. Data are presented as means and standard deviations (SD) and represent standard scores (broad neuropsychological variables, TOVA), Z-scores (CVLT–C), raw scores (CVLT–C Retention), T-scores (CBCL).
*
Significant difference with Holm-Bonferroni correction
**
For CBCL variables, effect sizes in the negative direction indicate ALC group has more behavioral pathology. For all other measures, effect sizes in the positive direction indicate the ALC group has poorer performance.