Table 1.

Reported cases and sac contents of incarcerated umbilical hernias in children.

Author	Reported complications of umbilical hernias	Contents of the umbilical hernia sac
Keshtgar and Griffiths [1]	7 cases with incarceration: 3 reduced without operation 2 of them with recurrent incarceration 2 of the cases were urgently operated	4 cases operated: 3 cases with small intestine 1 case with irreducible necrotic omentum
Papagrigoriadis et al. [2]	3 cases with incarceration	Small intestine (2) Small intestine and omentum (1)
Zendejas et al. [3]	34 cases, 7% of total umbilical hernias: Recurrent incarceration 22 Enteric fistula 7 Strangulation 4 Evisceration 1	Not specified
Ameh et al. [4, 15]	30 cases, 64% of total umbilical hernias: Acute incarceration 15 Recurrent incarceration 10 Evisceration 5	Specified only cases with gangrene: Intestinal gangrene (2) Omental gangrene (1)
Okada et al. [9]	1 reported case with strangulation Reviewed 38 cases with incarceration or strangulation	Terminal ileum, cecum, appendix Specified in the review: 34 Small intestine (20) Omentum (6) Terminal ileum and cecum (3) Transverse colon (3) Greater omentum and small intestine (2)
Fall et al. [11]	41 cases, 15% of total umbilical hernias Strangulation	Small intestine (27, 67%) Omentum (5, 12%) Small intestine, cecum, appendix (4, 9%) Nonidentified (5, 12%)
Vrsansky and Bourdelat [13, 16]	4 incarceration cases	3 with small intestine 1 with necrotic omentum
Chirdan et al. [17]	23 cases of incarceration, 44, 2% of total umbilical hernias: 15 with acute incarceration 6 with recurrent incarceration In 2 cases, parents declined surgery after reduction	1 case with gangrenous bowel with Meckel's diverticulum
Brown et al. [18]	28 cases with incarceration (7, 21% of all umbilical hernias repaired)	9 cases operated because of failed reduction of the content: 6 with omentum (2 necrotic) 3 with small bowel
Komlatsé et al. [19]	1 case of strangulation	Gangrenous Meckel's diverticulum