Fig 2.

ATM kinase activity is required for activation of early lytic EBV protein expression by various inducing stimuli in EBV⁺ epithelial cells. (A) AGS-Akata cells were pretreated with the ATM kinase inhibitor KU55933 (10 μM) for 1 h and induced with various inducing stimuli, including sodium butyrate (butyrate, 3 mM), SAHA (5 μM), and cisplatin (10 μM). Cells were harvested 2 days posttreatment, and Western blot analysis was performed to examine lytic BMRF1 and Z protein expression. (B) AGS-Akata cells were pretreated with the ATM kinase inhibitor KU55933 (10 μM) for 1 h and induced with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, 300 μM). After 2 days, the cells were harvested and Western blot analysis was performed to examine lytic EBV infection using antibodies against BMRF1, Z, and R. β-Actin was used as a loading control. DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide.