EXHIBIT 4.

Demographic Characteristics And HIV Status Of Couples

Characteristic	Unadjusted odds ratio	Adjusted odds ratio
Concordant positive couples
Woman’s agea	0.87***	1.00
Man’s agea	0.85***	0.86***
Duration of unionb	1.03	1.14
Pregnancyc	0.72***	0.67***
Discordant couples
Woman’s agea	0.94*	0.95
Man’s agea	0.94*	1.01
Duration of unionb	0.52***	0.53***
Pregnancyc	0.83	0.75**

SOURCE Authors’ analysis of data from the testing centers.

NOTES Concordant positive couples are those in which both partners are HIV-positive. Discordant couples are those in which only one partner is HIV-positive. The comparison group for both is couples who are concordant negative (neither partner is HIV-positive). Adjusted odds ratio means adjusted for the other variables listed in the table. Comparing couples ten years older in age to couples ten years younger.

^bComparing couples who had been together eight months or less to those who had been together longer.

^cComparing couples in which the woman is pregnant to those in which she is not.;

^*p <0.10

^**p <0.05

^***p <0.01