Table 2.
Mortality risk (1999–2008) associated with health behaviors and health behavior combinations measured in 1998a
| |
Full sample |
Ages 51--65 |
Ages 66+ |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (99% CI) | |||||||||
|
Individual behaviors | |||||||||
| Current smoker |
1.9 |
*** |
(1.7, 2.1) |
2.1 |
*** |
(1.8, 2.5) |
1.8 |
*** |
(1.6, 2.0) |
| Inactive |
1.4 |
*** |
(1.3, 1.5) |
1.4 |
*** |
(1.2, 1.7) |
1.4 |
*** |
(1.3, 1.5) |
| Alcohol use |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| -Moderate |
1.0 |
(Ref) |
|
1.0 |
(Ref) |
|
1.0 |
(Ref) |
|
| -Abstain |
1.3 |
*** |
(1.2, 1.4) |
1.3 |
*** |
(1.0, 1.6) |
1.3 |
*** |
(1.1, 1.4) |
| -Heavy |
1.3 |
*** |
(1.1, 1.5) |
1.3 |
** |
(1.0, 1.7) |
1.2 |
** |
(1.0, 1.5) |
|
Health behavior profiles | |||||||||
|
Non-smokers |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Active, moderate drinker |
1.0 |
(Ref) |
|
1.0 |
(Ref) |
|
1.0 |
(Ref) |
|
| Active, non-drinker |
1.4 |
*** |
(1.1, 1.6) |
1.4 |
* |
(0.9, 2.1) |
1.3 |
*** |
(1.1, 1.6) |
| Active, heavy drinker |
1.0 |
|
(0.7, 1.3) |
1.0 |
|
(0.5, 2.0) |
1.0 |
|
(0.7, 1.4) |
| Inactive, moderate drinker |
1.5 |
*** |
(1.2, 1.8) |
1.8 |
*** |
(1.1, 2.9) |
1.4 |
*** |
(1.1, 1.8) |
| Inactive, non-drinker |
1.9 |
*** |
(1.6, 2.2) |
2.3 |
*** |
(1.6, 3.4) |
1.8 |
*** |
(1.5, 2.2) |
| Inactive, heavy drinker |
1.7 |
*** |
(1.3, 2.2) |
1.7 |
* |
(1.0, 3.0) |
1.7 |
*** |
(1.3, 2.3) |
|
Smokers |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Active, moderate drinker |
1.9 |
*** |
(1.2, 2.9) |
2.7 |
*** |
(1.4, 5.1) |
1.7 |
* |
(0.9, 3.1) |
| Active, non-drinker |
2.7 |
*** |
(2.1, 3.4) |
3.4 |
*** |
(2.2, 5.4) |
2.4 |
*** |
(1.7, 3.4) |
| Active, heavy drinker |
3.4 |
*** |
(2.4, 4.8) |
5.0 |
*** |
(3.0, 8.4) |
2.6 |
*** |
(1.5, 4.6) |
| Inactive, moderate drinker |
2.7 |
*** |
(2.0, 3.6) |
3.5 |
*** |
(2.1, 5.9) |
2.4 |
*** |
(1.6, 35) |
| Inactive, non-drinker |
3.2 |
*** |
(2.6, 3.9) |
3.9 |
*** |
(2.6, 5.9) |
3.0 |
*** |
(2.3, 3.8) |
| Inactive, heavy drinker | 4.2 | *** | (3.1, 5.6) | 4.8 | *** | (3.0, 7.8) | 4.1 | *** | (2.8, 6.1) |
*P ≤ .05; ** P ≤ .01; *** P ≤ .001.
aModels adjusted for the following in 1998: age, gender, marital status, race, education, household income, self-rated health, 5 serious chronic diseases, functional limitations, and body mass index.