Table 1.
The clinical characteristics and cerebral measurements of all patients and patients with or without asymptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD) defined as abnormal myocardial perfusion imaging and/or stenosis on coronary angiography, and age and sex matched controls
| |
All patients |
Controls |
p-values1 |
Patients without CAD |
Patients with. CAD |
p-values2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 20) | (n = 26) | (n = 10)) | (n = 10)) | |||
| Sex no. (male%) |
17 (76) |
21 (81) |
0.70 |
8 (80) |
9 (90) |
0.53 |
| Age, years |
57 (10) |
52 (15) |
0.28 |
51 (9) |
63 (7) |
0.005 |
| Duration of diabetes, years |
12 (6) |
|
|
9 (6) |
15 (7) |
0.036 |
| BMI, kg/m2 |
31.9 (4.3) |
|
|
31.5 (4.3) |
32.2 (4.6) |
0.69 |
| HbA1c , mmol/mol , (%) |
63 (7.9) |
|
|
53 (7.8) |
64 (8.1) |
0.66 |
| Urinary albumin excretion rate, mg/24ha |
103 (3 – 1263) |
|
|
118 (42–618) |
95 (3 – 1263) |
0.37 |
| P-creatinine, μmol/l |
78 (20) |
|
|
69 (17) |
88 (18) |
0.025 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg |
133 (17) |
|
|
127 ± 15 |
138 (18) |
0.20 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l |
3.7 (0.9) |
|
|
3.8 ± 1.1 |
3.5 (0.7) |
0.43 |
| Vibratory perception threshold mV – mean of both sides |
31 (15) |
|
|
22 (12) |
40 (13) |
0.004 |
| Heart rate variation during deep breathing, bpma |
8 (2–29) |
|
|
11 (5–29) |
5 (2–11) |
0.004 |
| Retinopathy no. (%) |
11 (55) |
|
|
4 (40) |
7 (70) |
0.18 |
| Oral antidiabetic medication no. (%) |
18 (90) |
|
|
9 (90) |
90 (90) |
1.0 |
| Insulin treatment no. (%) |
14 (70) |
|
|
6 (60) |
8 (80) |
0.33 |
| RAAS blockade no. (%) |
20 (100) |
|
|
10 (100) |
10 (100) |
1.0 |
| Statin therapy no. (%) |
20 (100) |
|
|
10 (100) |
10 (100) |
1.0 |
| Aspirin therapy no. (%) |
20 (100) |
|
|
10 (100) |
10 (100) |
1.0 |
| Beta-blocker therapy no. (%) |
2 (10) |
|
|
0 (0) |
2 (20) |
0.14 |
| Calcium channel blockers no. (%) |
7 (35) |
|
|
1 (10) |
6 (60) |
0.015 |
| Use of diuretics no. (%) |
11 (55) |
|
|
5 (50) |
6 (60) |
0.65 |
| Current smoker no. (%) |
5 (25) |
|
|
3 (30) |
2 (20) |
0.60 |
| Carotid intima-media thickness, mm |
0.73 (0.14) |
|
|
0.70 (0.13) |
0.77 (0.14) |
0.34 |
| NT-proBNP, ng/la |
23.9 (5.1-357,6) |
|
|
7.6 (5.1-29.1) |
125.4 (15.8-357.6) |
nr |
| MMSEa |
30 (25–30) |
|
|
30 (28–30) |
28 (25–30) |
0.035 |
|
Cerebral MRI measurements |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| White matter hyperintensities, mlb |
0.79 (4.89) |
0.002 (139) |
0.0001 |
0.34 (2.75) |
1.85 (5.17) |
0.012 |
| White matter hyperintensities, mla,b |
0.48 (0.29-2.92) |
0 (0–1.40) |
0.0001 |
0.42 (0.13-0.78) |
2.46 (0.36-2.92) |
0.012 |
| Brain parenchymal fraction |
0.77 (0.04) |
0.82 (0.05) |
0.001 |
0.79 (0.04) |
0.74 (0.02) |
0.002 |
| Intracranial volume (ICV), ml |
1443.4 (123.9) |
1441.5 (285.7) |
0.98 |
1451.0 (104.7) |
1435.8 (146.0) |
0.79 |
| Grey matter volume per ICV,% |
38.9 (2.7) |
42.6 (3.2) |
0.0001 |
40.2 |
37.6 |
0.029 |
| White matter volume per ICV,% |
37.6 (2.3) |
39.1 (2.1) |
0.027 |
39.0 |
36.3 |
0.006 |
| Cortex volume per ICV,% |
29.9 (2.3) |
33.0 (2.7) |
0.0001 |
31.0 |
28.8 |
0.033 |
| Ventricular volume per ICV,% | 3.4 (1.3) | 2.5 (0.8) | 0.002 | 2.9 | 4.2 | 0.024 |
Data are expressed as means (standard deviation [SD]) or medians (interquartile range) a. Not relevant (nr).
WMH volumes b are both expressed as geometric mean (SD) values or medians (interquartile range) a in order to compare with other studies. Several controls had no WMH and therefore we used log WMH (0 + 0.0001) for all controls. The majority of controls had no signs of WMH (69%) but in contrast all patients had WMH.
P-values reflect comparison between patients and controls1, and patients with or without CAD2.
These comparisons were all non-significant when adjustment for age and sex.
Mini mental state examination (MMSE).