Table 2.

Associations of work stress with depressive symptoms (multivariate logistic regression analyses) (N = sample with complete data)

		Depressive Symptoms
		USA	EUROPE	Japan
Effort-reward imbalance	Yes	2.28 (1.59 – 3.28) ***	1.97 (1.75 – 2.23) ***	1.64 (1.02 – 2.63) *
	No (Ref.)
	N=	1510	10047	1083
Low Control	Yes	2.26 (1.57 – 3.25) ***	1.66 (1.45 – 1.90) ***	1.59 (0.88 – 2.86)
	No (Ref.)
	N=	1560	10342	1226

Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Cross-sectional data from 2006.

Odds Ratios are adjusted for gender, age, education, employment status, working hours.

Given the multilevel structure of the European data, we applied multilevel methods where individuals (level 1) are nested within countries (level 2).

* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.