Table 3.

Associations of work stress with prospective depressive symptoms (multivariate logistic regression analyses)

		Depressive Symptoms (2006)
		USA	EUROPE
Effort-reward imbalance (2004)	Model1	1.94 (1.21 – 3.13) **	1.79 (1.53 – 2.09) ***
	N=	683	6063
	Model2 + symptoms 2004	1.53 (0.91 – 2.57)	1.51 (1.28 – 1.78) ***
	N=	673	6034
Low control (2004)	Model1	1.65 (1.03 – 2.63)*	1.57 (1.34 – 1.84) ***
	N=	714	6246
	Model2 + symptoms 2004	1.46 (0.88 – 2.45)	1.42 (1.20 – 1.68) ***
	N=	704	6213

Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Longitudinal data.

Odds Ratios are adjusted for gender, age, education, employment status, working hours in model 1.

In model 2 outcome depression at follow up is additionally adjusted for depressive symptoms at baseline.

Given the multilevel structure of the European data, we applied multilevel methods where individuals (level 1) are nested within countries (level 2).

* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.