Table 1. Regulation of stemness gene profile by PPARγ agonists in neural stem cells.
| Symbol | Gene Name | Ciglitazone | 15d-PGJ2 | Retinoic acid |
| Nog | Noggin | 9.2E18↑ | 1.6E15↑ | 4 E12↑ |
| Crabp2 | Cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2 | 9.2E18↑ | ND-D↑ | 4.8E14↑ |
| Commd3 | COMM domain containing 3 | 9.2E18↑ | ND-ND↓ | 8.1E12↑ |
| Dnmt3b | DNA cytosine-5-methyltransferase 3b | 1.4E17↑ | 1.8E12↑ | 1.6E12↑ |
| Srfp2 | Frizzled-related protein | 7.1E13↑ | 2.5E7↑ | 4082↑ |
| Gdf3 | Growth differentiation factor 3 | 1.9E12↑ | 5771↑ | ND-ND↓ |
| Rest | RE1-silencing transcription factor | 3.3E11↑ | ND-ND↓ | 0.001↓ |
| Igfbp2 | Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 | 1.3E11↑ | ND-ND↓ | 1.7↑ |
| Nes | Nestin | 3.0E10↑ | ND-ND↓ | 1439↑ |
| Gal | Galanin prepropeptide | 5.8E8↑ | 1.2E9↑ | 24.5↑ |
| Pou5f1 | POU class 5 homeobox 1 | 2.3E8↑ | 3.8E14↑ | 0.022↓ |
| Xist | X (inactive)-specific transcript | 8.05E7↑ | 9.17E9↑ | ND-ND↓ |
| Zfp42 | Zinc finger protein 42 homolog | 8.8E6↑ | 18.8↑ | ND-ND↓ |
| Bxdc2 | BRX1, biogenesis of ribosomes, homolog | 1.1E6↑ | 7.6E9↑ | 9.5E6↑ |
| Podxl | Podocalyxin-like | 2.8E5↑ | 7.8E14↑ | 16.1↑ |
| Tdgf1 | Teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor 1 | 4.3E4↑ | 14.7↑ | 0.003↓ |
| Lin 28 | Lin-28 homolog A | 2.1E4↑ | ND-ND↓ | D-ND↓ |
| Fgf5 | Fibroblast growth factor 5 | 1.8E4↑ | D-ND↓ | 0.11↓ |
| Utf1 | Undifferentiated embryonic cell transcription factor | 1.4E4↑ | 2.9↑ | D-ND↓ |
| Pten | Phosphatase and tensin homolog | 6799↑ | ND-ND↓ | ND-ND↓ |
| Kit | Feline sarcoma viral oncogene | 757.2↑ | 191.9↑ | 8.1E11↑ |
| Lefty1 | Left-right determination factor 1 | 112.4↑ | 5.9E11↑ | 7.2E11↑ |
| NR5a2 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 5 | 12.1↑ | 0.003↓ | ND-D↑ |
| Ifitm2 | Interferon induced transmembrane protein 2 | 11.8↑ | 1.4E7↑ | D-ND↓ |
| Nodal | Nodal homolog | 9.8↑ | 0.002↓ | 1.5E10↑ |
| Lefty2 | Left-right determination factor 2 | 1.2↑ | ND-D↑ | 1.6↑ |
| Grb7 | Growth factor receptor-bound protein 7 | 0.4↓ | ND-D↑ | 2.5E7↑ |
| Fgf4 | Fibroblast growth factor 4 | D-ND↓ | 4.3E16↑ | 2.6E14↑ |
| Gbx2 | Gastrulation brain homeobox 2 | D-ND↓ | 6.3E10↑ | 2.5↑ |
| Tert | Telomerase reverse transcriptase | D-ND↓ | 16.4↑ | 0.002↓ |
| Tfcp2l1 | Transcription factor CP2-like 1 | D-ND↓ | 8.9↑ | 0.003↓ |
| Sox2 | SRY-box 2 | D-ND↓ | D-ND↓ | 0.011↓ |
| Lifr | Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor alpha | D-ND↓ | D-ND↓ | D-ND↓ |
| CD9 | CD9 molecule | D-ND↓ | D-ND↓ | D-ND↓ |
| Nr6a1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 6, group A, member 1 | D-ND↓ | D-ND↓ | D-ND↓ |
| Nanog | Nanog homeobox | D-ND↓ | ND-ND↓ | D-ND↓ |
| Gabrb3 | GABA A receptor, beta 3 | ND-ND↓ | D-ND↓ | 0.5↓ |
| Il6st | Interleukin 6 signal transducer | ND-ND↓ | ND-ND↓ | ND-D↑ |
| Sema3a | Sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig) | ND-ND↓ | ND-ND↓ | ND-D↑ |
| Ifitm1 | Interferon induced transmembrane protein 1 | ND-ND↓ | ND-ND↓ | ND-ND↓ |
NSCs were cultured in NBM with EGF+bFGF in the presence of DMSO, ciglitazone, 15d-PGJ2 or ATRA for 3 days. The stemness gene expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR using a 384 gene card array. The fold change was calculated using automatic threshold setting and is based on expression levels in DMSO treated cells as 1 after normalizing to 18S or GAPDH. The genes in the table are arranged from high to low expression in ciglitazone treated cells. ND, not detected and D, detected. Arrows indicate up or down regulated genes. This data is a representative of two independent experiments.