Table 2. Regulation of differentiation gene profile by PPARγ agonists in neural stem cells.
| Symbol | Gene Name | Ciglitazone | 15d-PGJ2 | Retinoic acid |
| Col1a1 | Collagen, type I, alpha 1 | ND-D↑ | 0.6↓ | 1.1↑ |
| Ptf1a | Pancreas specific transcription factor 1a | ND-D↑ | ND-ND↓ | 1.9E14↑ |
| Col2a1 | Collagen, type II, alpha 1 | ND-D↑ | ND-ND↓ | ND-D↑ |
| Pecam 1 | Platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule | ND-D↑ | 3.3E14↑ | 5.7E10↑ |
| Hbb | Hemoglobin, beta | ND-D↑ | 443.2↑ | 2.2E13↑ |
| Foxd3 | Forkhead box D3 | ND-D↑ | ND-ND↓ | ND-ND↓ |
| Pax6 | Paired box 6 | 9.2E18↑ | 6.3E4↑ | 3.4E10↑ |
| Sst | Somatostatin | 2.5E18↑ | 1.1E15↑ | 3628↑ |
| Gcg | Glucagon | 1.6E18↑ | 1.4E15↑ | 7.4E13↑ |
| Lamb1 | Laminin, beta 1 | 3.8E16↑ | 4.8E14↑ | D-ND↓ |
| Krt1 | Keratin 1 | 5.3E15↑ | ND-D↑ | 1.5E11↑ |
| Des | Desmin | 9.6E14↑ | 7.0↑ | 0.002↓ |
| Cd34 | CD34 molecule | 3.6E12↑ | ND-ND↓ | ND-ND↓ |
| Lama1 | Laminin, alpha 1 | 2.8E12↑ | 0.002↓ | 948.2↑ |
| Neurod1 | Neurogenic differentiation 1 | 3.8E11↑ | 4.8E13↑ | 5.0E10↑ |
| Gfap | Glial fibrillary acidic protein | 2.9E11↑ | ND-D↑ | 0.2↓ |
| Hlxb9 | Motor neuron and pancreas homeobox 1 | 8.8E10↑ | 1.3E9↑ | 1.1E5↑ |
| Wt1 | Wilms tumor 1 | 2.5E10↑ | 0.001↓ | 0.022↓ |
| Flt1 | Fms-related tyrosine kinase 1 | 1.2E10↑ | 143.4↑ | 1.6E8↑ |
| Eras | ES cell expressed Ras | 4.7E7↑ | 4.6E14↑ | 3.2E11↑ |
| T | T, brachyury homolog | 1.2E7↑ | 5.3E14↑ | 8.0E13↑ |
| Fn1 | Fibronectin 1 | 1.7E6↑ | 159.3↑ | D-ND↓ |
| Pax4 | Paired box 4 | 1.3E6↑ | 3.7↑ | 0.005↓ |
| Sycp3 | Synaptonemal complex protein 3 | 6.1E5↑ | 2.1E8↑ | ND-ND↓ |
| Th | Tyrosine hydroxylase | 8.7E5↑ | 0.3↓ | 0.003↓ |
| Eomes | Eomesodermin | 3.9E4↑ | ND-ND↓ | 1.1E7↑ |
| Actc1 | Actin, alpha, cardiac muscle 1 | 12335↑ | 14.6↑ | 55.8↑ |
| Tat | Tyrosine aminotransferase | 58.9↑ | 2052↑ | 4.6E9↑ |
| Iapp | Islet amyloid polypeptide | 47.2↑ | 0.5↓ | 0.001↓ |
| Serpina1 | Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A member 1 | 33.2↑ | 0.579↓ | 6.248↑ |
| Olig2 | Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 | 20.1↑ | 6.3E11↑ | 8.2E9↑ |
| Nppa | Natriuretic peptide A | 19.7↑ | 0.005↓ | ND-ND↓ |
| Ins2 | Insulin | 15.9↑ | D-ND↓ | D-ND↓ |
| Ipf1 | Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 | 0.1↓ | 1.1E4↑ | 4.8E8↑ |
| Gata 6 | GATA binding protein 6 | 0.051↓ | 0.008↓ | D-ND↓ |
| Runx2 | Runt-related transcription factor 2 | D-ND↓ | 1.3E15↑ | 7.5E4↑ |
| Cdh5 | Cadherin 5, type 2 | D-ND↓ | 1.4E9↑ | 6.3E14↑ |
| Sox17 | SRY-box 17 | D-ND↓ | 5182↑ | ND-ND↓ |
| Myod1 | Myogenic differentiation 1 | D-ND↓ | 28.58↑ | D-ND↓ |
| Ddx4 | DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 4 | D-ND↓ | ND-D↑ | ND-ND↓ |
| Isl1 | ISL LIM homeobox 1 | D-ND↓ | 0.043↓ | D-ND↓ |
| Afp | Alphafeto protein | D-ND↓ | 202.5↑ | 94↑ |
| Hbz | Hemoglobin, zeta | D-ND↓ | D-ND↓ | 3.2E5↑ |
| Myf5 | Myogenic factor 5 | ND-ND↓ | 7.27E12↑ | 3.86E12↑ |
| Foxa2 | Forkhead box A2 | ND-ND↓ | D-ND↓ | D-ND↓ |
| Gcm1 | Glial cells missing homolog 1 | ND-ND↓ | ND-ND↓ | ND-ND↓ |
| Gata4 | GATA binding protein 4 | ND-ND↓ | ND-ND↓ | ND-ND↓ |
| Lamc 1 | Laminin, gamma 1 | ND-ND↓ | ND-ND↓ | ND-D↑ |
| Syp | Synaptophysin | ND-ND↓ | ND-ND↓ | ND-D↑ |
| Cdx2 | Caudal type homeobox 2 | ND-ND↓ | ND-D↑ | ND-ND↓ |
NSCs were cultured in NBM with EGF+bFGF in the presence of DMSO, ciglitazone, 15d-PGJ2 or ATRA for 3 days. The differentiation gene expression profile was analyzed by qRT-PCR using a 384 gene card array. The fold change was calculated using automatic threshold setting and is based on expression levels in DMSO treated cells as 1 after normalizing to 18S or GAPDH. The genes are arranged in the table from high to low expression in ciglitazone treated cells. ND, not detected and D, detected. Arrows indicate up or down regulated genes. This data is a representative of two independent experiments.