Table 1.

Participant Characteristics

	Low-Fat Diet		Low-Carbohydrate Diet

	IR (N=22)	IS (N=17)	IR (N=20)	IS (N=22)	P value
Baseline

Demographics
Age (years)	40.7 (6.1)	43.0 (5.0)	41.4 (7.2)	42.8 (4.3)	.51
Education (years)	15.9 (2.5)	16.4 (1.7)	15.8 (2.1)	15.6 (1.8)	.71
Race/Ethnicity, No (%)					.38
White	14 (63.6)	15 (88.2)	16 (80)	17 (77.3)
Black	2 (9.1)	1 (5.9)	0 (0)	2 (9.1)
Asian/Pacific Islander	3 (13.6)	1 (5.9)	2 (10)	1 (4.6)
American Indian	2 (9.1)	0 (0)	2 (10)	1 (4.6)
Other	1 (4.6)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (4.6)
Anthropometrics
Weight, kg	91.4 (12.1) ^a	84.7 (7.6) ^a,b	92.9 (12.1) ^a	81.9 (12.2) ^b	<.01
Body Mass Index, kg/m²	34.2 (3.5) ^a	30.8 (2.1)^b	34.8 (3.0)^a	30.5 (3.3) ^b	<.0001
Body Fat, %	42.2 (7.0)	39.8 (5.8)	42.0 (5.0)	38.7 (6.9)	.20
Fasting Insulin, μIU/mL	14.5 (4.3) ^a	5.13 (1.0)^b	17.6 (7.4)^a	4.9 (1.2)^b	<.0001
Dietary Intake
Total Energy	1863 (431)	1799 (490)	2043 (580)	1843(440)	.42
Carbohydrate (% energy)	49 (8)	49 (5)	47 (11)	43 (13)	.17
Fat (% energy)	34 (6)	39 (6)	36 (8)	37 (10)	.58
Protein (% energy)	16 (3)	16 (3)	16 (4)	17 (5)	.59

12-month Change

Anthropometrics
Weight, kg	−2.2 (4.6) ^a	−4.3 (3.7) ^a,b	−6.2 (5.4) ^a,b	−4.9 (4.5) ^b	.04
Body Mass Index, kg/m²	−0.7 (1.6) ^a	−1.5 (1.3) ^a.b	−2.2 (1.7) ^a,b	−1.8 (1.7) ^b	.02
Body Fat, %	−1.0 (4.7)	−2.7 (4.2)	−2.3 (4.5)	−3.2 (3.8)	.43
Fasting Insulin, μIU/mL	−0.2 (5.0) ^a	−0.3 (2.5)^a	−5.8 (5.4) ^b	0.1 (2.2) ^a	<.0001
Dietary Intake
Total Energy	−338 (395)	−388 (446)	−324 (645)	−275 (508)	.92
Carbohydrate (% energy)	1.7 (10.6) ^a	10.4 (9.3)^b	−12.1 (14.5)^c	−11.7 (14.7) ^c	<.0001
Fat (% energy)	−2.7 (9.2) ^a	−11.5 (10.0) ^b	8.9 (11.5)^c	8.4 (14.0) ^c	<.0001
Protein (% energy)	3.0 (4.3)	1.8 (2.7)	3.6 (5.5)	4.8 (6.2)	.28

Analysis of variance was used to compare baseline, mean weight and bmi change from baseline to 12-months across groups; IR: Insulin Resistant, IS: Insulin Sensitive; Data are presented as mean (sd) unless otherwise noted; Data with different superscripts are significantly different