Table 1.
Impact of different percentages of calorie restriction during gestation or lactation on male and female offspring.
| Parameter | Outcome in offspring (sex; age; diet) | Percentage of restriction and period | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| MATERNAL CALORIE RESTRICTION DURING GESTATION | |||
| Body weight | ↑ (males; from d 74 to m 6; NF and HF diet) | 20%, first 12 d of gestation | Palou et al., 2010a, 2012 |
| ↑ (females; 170 d; HF diet) | 30%, first 2 w of gestation | Vickers et al., 2005 | |
| ↑ (males; 5 w; NF diet) | 50%, first 2 w of gestation | Jones and Friedman, 1982; Jones et al., 1984 | |
| ↑ (males and females; 9 m; NF diet) | 50%, from d 10 of pregnancy until delivery | Desai et al., 2005 | |
| ↑ (males and females; 260 d; HF diet) | 50%, whole gestation | Thompson et al., 2007 | |
| Food-intake | ↑ (males and females; from d 21 to m 6; NF and HF diet) | 20%, first 12 d of gestation | Palou et al., 2010a, 2012 |
| ↑ (males; from d 22 to d 125; NF and HF diet) | 30%, whole gestation | Vickers et al., 2000 | |
| ↑ (females; 170 d; NF and HF diet) | 30%, first 2 w of gestation | Vickers et al., 2005 | |
| ↑ (males; 5 w; NF diet) | 50%, first 2 w of gestation | Jones and Friedman, 1982; Jones et al., 1984 | |
| Preference for highly caloric food | ↑ (males; 3 m; NF diet) | 20%, first 12 d of gestation | Palou et al., 2010a |
| MATERNAL CALORIE RESTRICTION DURING LACTATION | |||
| Body weight | ↓ (males and females; from d 5 to w 28; NF and HF diet) | 30%, whole lactation | Palou et al., 2010b, 2011b |
| ↓ (males and females; from d 10 to d 21; NF diet) | 67%, whole lactation | Boxwell et al., 1995 | |
| ↓ (females; 30 d and 90 d; NF diet) | 50%, d 1–15 or d 15–30, or d 1–30 of lactation | Šefčíková and Mozeš, 2002 | |
| Food-intake | ↓ (males and females; from d 21 to w 28; NF and HF diet) | 30%, whole lactation | Palou et al., 2010b, 2011b |
| ↑ (females; 90 d; NF diet) | 50%, d 1–15 or d 15–30, or d 1–30 of lactation | Šefčíková and Mozeš, 2002 | |
| Preference for highly caloric food | ↓ (females; 24 w; HF diet) | 30%, whole lactation | Palou et al., 2010b |
Results are from animal studies. Sex, age, and diet for the outcome reported are specified in brackets. Abbreviations: d, day; w, week; m, month; NF, normal-fat; HF, high-fat.