Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for all study variables: top panel presents means (sd) and bottom panel N (%)
| Males (N=918) | Females (N=957) | All (N=1875) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| GHQ-28 at 53 years (range=28 to 112) | 43.33 (8.01) | 47.12 (10.63) p<0.001 | 45.26 (9.62) |
| Childhood cognitive ability at age 8 (range=0 to 45) | 24.44 (6.86) | 22.87 (6.71) p=0.17 | 22.66 (6.79) |
| CAGE at 53 years | |||
| Negative | 91.2 (837) | 94.1 (901) | 92.7 (1738) |
| Positive | 8.8 (81) | 5.9 (56) | 7.3 (137) |
| Educational attainment by 26 years | |||
| No qualifications | 34.0 (312) | 33.2 (318) | 33.6 (630) |
| Vocational | 5.6 (51) | 10.4 (1 0 0) | 8.1 (151) |
| Ordinary (‘O’ level) | 15.6 (143) | 26.4 (253) | 21.1 (396) |
| Advanced (‘A’ level) | 29.5 (271) | 24.1 (231) | 26.8 (502) |
| Higher | 15.4 (141) | 5.7 (54) | 10.5 (196) |
| Father's occupational social class | |||
| Manual | 56.4 (518) | 58.8 (563) | 57.7 (1081) |
| Non-manual | 43.6 (400) | 41.2 (394) | 42.3 (794) |
| Mother's education | |||
| No qualifications | 59.3 (544) | 63.6 (609) | 61.5 (1153) |
| Qualifications | 40.7 (374) | 36.4 (348) | 38.5 (722) |
| Parental divorce by age 8 years | |||
| No | 97.1 (891) | 97.1 (929) | 97.1 (1820) |
| Yes | 2.9 (27) | 2.9 (28) | 2.9 (55) |
| Material home conditions at 4 years | |||
| Very good | 24.3 (223) | 28.2 (270) | 26.3 (493) |
| Good | 41.2 (378) | 41.4 (396) | 41.3 (774) |
| Modest | 27.5 (251) | 24.6 (235) | 26.0 (487) |
| Poor | 7.1 (65) | 5.9 (56) | 6.5 (121) |
| Maternal management and understanding | |||
| Good | 51.5 (473) | 53.1 (508) | 52.3 (981) |
| Average/poor | 48.5 (445) | 46.9 (449) | 47.7 (894) |
| Adult occupational social class by 43 years | |||
| Manual | 37.0 (340) | 25.5 (244) | 31.1 (584) |
| Non-manual | 63.0 (578) | 74.5 (713) | 68.9 (1291) |
| Net household income at 43 years | |||
| <£14,999 per year | 46.8 (430) | 51.0 (488) | 49.0 (918) |
| ⩾ £ 15,000 per year | 53.2 (488) | 49.0 (469) | 51.0 (957) |
| Economic hardship 43 and/or 53 years | |||
| No | 83.4 (766) | 80.5 (770) | 81.9 (1536) |
| Yes | 16.6 (152) | 19.5 (187) | 18.1 (339) |
| Unemployment 43 and/or 53 years | |||
| No | 85.4 (784) | 68.2 (653) | 76.6 (1437) |
| Yes | 14.6 (134) | 31.8 (304) | 23.4 (438) |
| Physical exercise at 53 years | |||
| None | 54.4 (499) | 52.0 (498) | 53.2 (997) |
| Any | 45.6 (419) | 48.0 (459) | 46.8 (878) |
| Cigarette smoking at 53 years | |||
| None | 78.2 (718) | 78.2 (748) | 78.2 (1466) |
| 0–20 | 15.4 (141) | 20.09 (191) | 17.7 (332) |
| 21+ | 6.4 (59) | 1.9 (18) | 4.1 (77) |