Table 1.
Summary of current knowledge on the effects of PACAP in retinal cells.
| Toxin/model | Treatment of PACAP | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tissue/cells | Dose | Effect | ||
| In vitro | ||||
| Glutamate (1 mM) | Retinal tissue culture from rat pups | PACAP27 or 38 (10 nM to 1 µM) | Protect neuronal cells (maximum effect at 1 µM) | Shoge et al. (1999) |
| Thapsigargin (10 nM) | Retinal tissue culture from rat pups | PACAP38 (1 nM) | Protect photoreceptor cell | Silveira et al. (2002) |
| Anisomycin (1 µg/ml) | Retinal tissue culture from rat pups | PACAP38 (100 fM to 10 nM) | Protect neuroblastic layer (maximum effect at 1 nM) | Silveira et al. (2002) |
| Anoxic condition | Turtle eyecup preparation | PACAP38 (0.165 µM) | Protect horizontal cells | Rabl et al. (2002) |
| Primary culture of rat Müller cell | PACAP38 (1 pM to 1 µM) | Increase IL-6 levels | Nakatani et al. (2006) | |
| H2O2 (0.2–0.3 mM) | ARPE19 human retinal pigment epithelium | PACAP38 (10 pM to 1 µM) | Increase the number of surviving cells (maximum effect at 100 nM) | Mester et al. (2011) |
| In vivo | ||||
| MSG (2 mg/g, SC, three times) | Rat retina (PD21) | PACAP27 or 38 (100 pmol, IVI) | Protect INL, IPL, and GCL | Tamas et al. (2004) Babai et al. (2005), 2006 |
| Kainic acid (5 nmol, IVI) | Rat retina (adult) | PACAP38 (100 pmol, IVI) | Protect GCL | Seki et al. (2006a) |
| BCCAO (permanent occlusion) | Rat retina (adult) | PACAP38 (100 pmol, IVI) | Protect GCL, OPL, and INL | Atlasz et al. (2007) |
| Optic nerve transection | Rat retina (adult) | PACAP38 (1 pM to 1 nM, 3 µl) | Protect GCL (maximum effect at 10 and 100 pM) | Seki et al. (2008) |
| UV-A irradiation | Rat retina (adult) | PACAP38 (100 pmol, IVI) | Protect ONL and GCL | Atlasz et al. (2011) |
| High intraocular pressure | Rat retina (adult) | PACAP38 (1 fM to 1 nM, 3 µl IVI) | Protect GCL (bimodal effect at 10 fM and 10 pM) | Seki et al. (2011) |
| NMDA (40 nmol, IVI) | PACAP+/– and PACAP+/+ mice retina (adult) | PACAP38 (10 fM to 10 nM, 2 µl IVI) | Protect GCL (maximum effect at 100 pmol) | Endo et al. (2011) |
| MSG (2 mg/g, SC, three times) | Rat retina (PD21) | PACAP38 (100 pmol, IVI) | Retinal damage in PACAP–/– mice was more severe in GCL | Kiss et al. (2011) Varga et al. (2011) |
| BCCAO (10 min occlusion) | PACAP–/– and PACAP+/+ mice retina (adult) | PACAP38 (100 pmol, IVI) | Protect all layers of the retina, and improve ERG response | Szabadfi et al. (2012a) |
| Streptozotocin (70 mg/kg i.p.) | Rat retina (adult) | PACAP38 (100 pmol, IVI) | Retinal damage in PACAP–/– mice was more severe in all layers | Szabadfi et al. (2012b) |
*BCCAO, bilateral common carotid artery occlusion; ERG, electroretinography; GCL, ganglion cell layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; IVI, intravitreal injection; MSG, monosodium glutamate; NMDA, N-methyl-refscd-aspartate; ONL, outer nuclear layer; OPL, outer plexiform layer; PD, postnatal day; SC, subcutaneous injection; UV, ultraviolet.