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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Dec 20.
Published in final edited form as: Stat Med. 2012 Jul 24;31(29):4074–4086. doi: 10.1002/sim.5510
Abuse symptom 1: Failure to fulfill major role obligations
Abuse symptom 2: Hazardous use
Abuse symptom 3: Legal problems
Abuse symptom 4: Social or interpersonal problems
Dependence symptom 1: Tolerance
Dependence symptom 2: Withdrawal
Dependence symptom 3: Taken in larger amounts or over a longer period
Dependence symptom 4: Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down
Dependence symptom 5: A great deal of time spent
Dependence symptom 6: Important activities given up or reduced
Dependence symptom 7: Physical or psychological problems