Table 2.

Who Are the Caregivers and What Types of Caregiving they Provide for Orphaned Children and Adolescents in the Sample (N=283)

Key Characteristic	Percent, % [95% Confidence Interval]
	Total (N=283)	Double orphan (n=113)	Single orphan (n=170)	Design-based F
Who the child is living/staying with				18.3***
Biological mother	23.32 [18.87, 28.45]	0	38.82 [31.3, 46.92]
Biological father	7.42 [4.3, 12.6]	0	12.35 [7.53, 19.61]
Grandmother	33.9 [27.2, 41.35]	44.25 [37.75, 50.94]	27.06 [19.4, 36.35]
Granfather	7.42 [4.04, 13.25]	11.5 [6.35, 19.96]	4.7 [2.01, 10.62]
Aunt	15.55 [11.2, 21.2]	23.89 [16.29, 33.6]	10 [6.2, 15.7]
Uncle	7.07 [4.06, 12.02]	12.39 [8.096, 18.5]	3.53 [1.1, 10.5]
Other relatives	5.3 [3.11, 8.9]	7.965 [4.2, 14.46]	3.53 [1.5, 7.8]
Female caregiver: with whom the child lives	75 [69.88, 79.5]	72.22 [64.9, 78.5]	76.8 [70.3, 82.3]	1.4
Who takes care of child now (e.g. paying fees, buying books, etc)				17.68***
Biological mother	25.4 [21.45, 29.9]	0	41.76 [34.73,49.15]
Biological father	8.48 [4.9, 14.22]	0	14.12 [8.54,22.44]
Grandmother	26.15 [19.2, 34.5]	36.28 [25.98,48.02]	19.41 [13.75,26.69]
Granfather	9.2 [5.1, 15.98]	14.16 [7.603,24.85]	5.882 [2.915,11.51]
Aunt	15.55 [10.9, 21.7]	26.55 [17.31,38.42]	8.235 [4.793,13.79]
Uncle	8.13 [5.2, 12.5]	13.27 [8.145,20.9]	4.706 [2.176,9.88]
Other relatives	7.07 [4.4, 11.1]	8.85 [5.314,14.38]	5.882 [2.398,13.72]
Female caregiver: who takes care of a child now	70.97 [63.94, 77.12]	68.18 [59.55, 75.75]	72.78 [64.2, 79.97]	1.12
Source of financial support for child’s family				13.5***
Biological mother	24 [19.13, 29.69]	0	39.29 [30.68, 48.62]
Biological father	6.09 [3.3, 10.88]	0	10.12 [5.786, 17.11]
Grandmother	21.15 [16.28, 27]	27.93 [19.41,38.41]	16.67 [11.87, 22.9]
Granfather	8.6 [4.67, 15.32]	12.61 [6.288,23.69]	5.95 [2.8, 12.18]
Aunt	15.42 [11.54, 20.29]	20.72 [13.41,30.6]	11.9 [7.3, 18.7]
Uncle	15 [11.4, 19.6]	25.23 [17.48,34.95]	8.3 [5.3, 12.82]
Other relatives	9.68 [6.75, 13.7]	12.61 [7.84,19.67]	7.74 [4.13, 14.03]
Female source of financial support	64.52 [57.53, 70.93]	53.15 [45.03, 61.11]	72.02 [63.95, 78.89]	7.57**
Woman that raised the child most of her/his life				10.04***
Biological mother	39.58 [33.88, 45.57]	17.7 [10.67, 27.91]	54.12 [45.81, 62.2]
Grandmother	36.04 [28.71, 44.09]	50.44 [41.26, 59.59]	26.47 [19.86, 34.33]
Other female relative (aunt, sister, step-mother)	20.49 [15.67, 26.35]	29.2 [19, 42.05]	14.71 [9.2, 22.75]
No female caregiver	3.89 [1.81, 8.17]	2.65 [0.7, 10.03]	4.7 [1.8, 11.73]
Man that raised the child most of her/his life				5.11**
Biological father	28.62 [22.87, 35.16]	16.8 [9.5, 27.9]	36.5 [28.01, 45.85]
Grandfather	13.78 [9.83, 18.99]	18.58 [12.05, 27.55]	10.59 [6.5, 16.78]
Other male relative (uncle, brother, step-father)	15.55 [12.45, 19.25]	22.12 [16.07, 29.65]	11.18 [7.55, 16.24]
No male caregiver	42.05 [35.6, 48.79]	42.48 [32.96, 52.59]	41.76 [33.22, 50.84]
Employment status of the source of financial support				2.51
formal employment	37 [30.49, 44.04]	57.14 [44.18, 69.2]	66.86 [59.63,73.38]
self-employed	62.99 [55.96, 69.51]	42.86 [30.8, 55.82]	33.14 [26.62, 40.37]
Relationship to important adult 1				12.88***
Biological mother	22.6 [18.33, 27.56]	0	36.47 [29.5, 44.06]
Biological father	6 [2.86, 12.2]	0	10 [4.947, 19.17]
Grandmother	22.97 [16.99, 30.28]	27.43 [20.7, 35.38]	20 [13.96, 27.81]
Granfather	6.36 [3.75, 10.59]	9.735 [4.606, 19.41]	4.118 [1.605, 10.16]
Aunt	16.25 [10.77, 23.79]	29.2 [19.32,41.54]	7.647 [3.818,14.73]
Uncle	8.8 [5.83, 13.2]	14.16 [8.752,22.1]	5.294 [3.094,8.915]
Other relatives	14.13 [10.66, 18.5]	14.16 [9.396,20.78]	14.12 [9.889,19.76]
Non-relatives	2.8 [1.12, 6.93]	3.54 [1.003,11.74]	2.353 [.8652,6.238]
Female important adult 1	69.6 [62.15, 76.17]	66.37 [57.14,74.5]	71.76 [62.68,79.36]	1.42
Number of communications per week with important adult 1, mean	5.1 [4.5, 5.7]	5.36 [4.35, 6.4]	4.9 [4.23, 5.6]	0.59
Relationship to important adult 2				4.17**
Biological mother	4.95 [2.4, 9.8]	0	8.235 [4.182,15.58]
Biological father	4.6 [2.9, 7.13]	0	7.647 [4.729,12.14]
Grandmother	17.67 [12.9, 23.67]	15.93 [10.79,22.89]	18.82 [12.25,27.8]
Granfather	4.6 [2.4, 8.7]	5.31 [2.411, 11.29]	4.118 [1.679, 9.745]
Aunt	26.15 [20.7, 32.4]	36.28 [27.26,46.38]	19.41 [13.35,27.36]
Uncle	12.7 [9.7, 16.5]	15.04 [9.858,22.28]	11.18 [7.781,15.8]
Other relatives	23.67 [17.47, 31.26]	19.47 [12.43,29.16]	26.47 [19.26,35.2]
Non-relatives	5.65 [2.8, 11.08]	7.965 [2.605,21.87]	4.118 [1.627,10.03]
Female important adult 2	59.8 [52.2, 66.94]	64.29 [53.32, 73.94]	56.8 [44.55, 68.3]	0.84
Number of communications per week with important adult 2, mean	3.9 [3.5, 4.3]	4.16 [3.4, 4.9]	3.7 [3.1, 4.2]	1
Relationship to important adult 3				0.8586
Biological mother	3.5 [1.5, 7.96]	1.77 [.3684, 8.071]	4.706 [1.952, 10.91]
Biological father	1.77 [0.87, 3.6]	1.77 [.4795,6.312]	1.765 [.5776,5.263]
Grandmother	10.95 [8.3, 14.3]	14.16 [9.557,20.48]	8.824 [4.693,15.98]
Granfather	3.89 [1.66, 8.86]	2.655 [.7162,9.347]	4.706 [1.679,12.49]
Aunt	23.3 [17.6, 30.3]	21.24 [12.03,34.72]	24.71 [18.12,32.73]
Uncle	24.4 [19.7, 29.8]	24.78 [18.04,33.02]	24.12 [18.42,30.91]
Other relatives	23.7 [18.02, 30.44]	27.43 [18.98,37.9]	21.18 [15.5,28.23]
Non-relatives	8.5 [6.9, 10.43]	6.195 [2.569,14.19]	10 [6.781,14.51]
Female important adult 3	52.69 [44.87, 60.4]	54.05 [44.12,63.68]	51.79 [43.16,60.31]	0.26
Number of communications per week with important adult 3, mean	3.9 [3.55, 4.2]	3.74 [3.15, 4.32]	3.94 [3.5, 4.4]	0.3
Perceived caregiver support, mean	3.56 [3.5, 3.6]	3.5 [3.4, 3.6]	3.56 [3.5, 3.7]	0.49

^*p≤.05,

^**p≤.01,

^***p≤.001

Note: Design-based F test reported in this table refers to the Adjusted Wald F-test utilized due to the clustered nature of the sample.