Table 2.
Results of the behavioral experiment
| Species | Examined Solutions | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 mM | 10 mM | 10 mM | 10 mM | 1 mM | 100 mM | 1 M | 10 mM | 10 mM | 10 mM | |
| NaCl | KCl | CaCl2 | MgCl2 | NaCl | NaCl | NaCl | NaNO2 | NaHCO3 | NaH2PO4 | |
| P. machaon | (0, 0, 2) | (1, 0, 0) | (1, 0, 0) | (1, 0, 0) | (1, 0, 0) | (0, 0, 1) | (0, 1, 0) | (0, 0, 2) | (0, 0, 1) | (0, 0, 1) |
| P. xuthus | (0, 0, 5) | (2, 0, 0) | (3, 0, 0) | (4, 0, 0) | (0, 2, 1) | (1, 1, 2) | (0, 1, 0) | (0, 0, 5) | (0, 0, 5) | (0, 0, 5) |
| P. xuthus † | (0, 0, 1) | (0, 1, 0) | (0, 0, 1) | (1, 0, 0) | ||||||
| P. maackii | (0, 0, 28) | (18, 2, 3) | (18, 2, 1) | (20, 0, 0) | (3, 6, 11) | (0, 6, 13) | (4, 9, 5) | (2, 0, 21) | (0, 1, 22) | (0, 1, 22) |
| P. bianor | (0, 0, 24) | (23, 2, 0) | (21, 4, 1) | (21, 3, 0) | (4, 7, 17) | (4, 9, 16) | (4, 15, 2) | (0, 0, 25) | (0, 1, 26) | (0, 1, 25) |
| P. helenus | (0, 0, 15) | (12, 0, 0) | (8, 2, 0) | (13, 0, 0) | (2, 2, 11) | (1, 0, 13) | (2, 8, 5) | (0, 1, 8) | (0, 0, 11) | (0, 0, 11) |
| P. helenus † | (0, 0, 1) | (1, 1, 0) | (1, 1, 0) | (0, 1, 0) | (0, 0, 1) | (0, 1, 0) | (0, 0, 1) | (0, 1, 0) | (0, 0, 1) | |
| P. protenor | (0, 0, 11) | (10, 3, 0) | (7, 5, 0) | (10, 2, 0) | (2, 4, 5) | (0, 3, 8) | (2, 7, 0) | (0, 0, 10) | (0, 0, 10) | (0, 1, 8) |
| P. protenor* | (0, 0, 1) | |||||||||
| P. macilentus | (0, 0, 13) | (8, 0, 0) | (8, 1, 0) | (10, 1, 0) | (2, 4, 5) | (0, 0, 10) | (2, 7, 1) | (0, 0, 8) | (0, 0, 10) | (0, 0, 12) |
| P. memnon | (1, 0, 1) | (1, 0, 0) | (1, 0, 0) | (2, 0, 0) | (2, 0, 0) | (0, 2, 1) | (1, 1, 0) | (0, 0, 1) | (0, 0, 2) | (0, 0, 2) |
| P. memnon † | (0, 0, 1) | (0, 1, 0) | (0, 1, 0) | (1, 0, 0) | ||||||
| P. memnon †† | (0, 0, 1) | |||||||||
| Total | (1, 0, 102) | (76, 10, 3) | (68, 16, 3) | (87, 7, 0) | (16, 25, 50) | (6, 21, 65) | (15, 50, 13) | (2, 1, 81) | (0, 3, 87) | (0, 3, 87) |
Puddling scores of eight species of 212 male Papilio butterflies and a female P. protenor in response to test solutions in puddling trays. Numerical values in (a, b, c) are as follows: a, the number of butterflies that were estimated as showing a “score 1” behavior to a corresponding test solution; b, the number of butterflies that were estimated as demonstrating a “score 2” behavior to a corresponding test solution; c, the number of butterflies that were estimated as showing a “score 3” behavior to a corresponding test solution. The scores were high for puddling behaviors to the NaCl solutions in all species of butterflies
“xuthus †”; “helenus †” and “memnon †” indicate that these butterflies were kept in the Toyosato insect Museum Green House
“memnon ††” indicate that this butterfly was kept in the Adachi Park of living things, Tokyo
All other results were obtained in the field
“protenor*” indicates a female P. protenor