Table 5.
Relative risks (95% confidence intervals) of stroke subtypes by quintiles of fruit, vegetable, and cereal intake among 26 556 men in the ATBC Study, 1985–2004
| Quintiles of intake
|
P for trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| Fruits | ||||||
| Median, g/d | 11.6 | 40.7 | 74.0 | 113.5 | 192.9 | |
| Cerebral infarction | ||||||
| Cases, n | 603 | 547 | 543 | 515 | 494 | |
| Age-adjusted RR (95% CI)a | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.78–0.98) | 0.86 (0.77–0.97) | 0.81 (0.72–0.91) | 0.78 (0.69–0.88) | <0.001 |
| Multivariate RR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.80–1.02) | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) | 0.85 (0.76–0.96) | 0.82 (0.73–0.93) | 0.003 |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | ||||||
| Cases, n | 76 | 86 | 77 | 84 | 60 | |
| Age-adjusted RR (95% CI)a | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.80–1.49) | 0.97 (0.71–1.33) | 1.05 (0.77–1.44) | 0.75 (0.54–1.06) | 0.07 |
| Multivariate RR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.84–1.55) | 1.04 (0.75–1.43) | 1.14 (0.83–1.57) | 0.84 (0.59–1.20) | 0.26 |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | ||||||
| Cases, n | 41 | 28 | 43 | 45 | 39 | |
| Age-adjusted RR (95% CI)a | 1.00 | 0.65 (0.40–1.06) | 1.00 (0.65–1.54) | 1.03 (0.67–1.60) | 0.88 (0.57–1.36) | 0.85 |
| Multivariate RR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 0.64 (0.40–1.04) | 0.98 (0.63–1.50) | 0.98 (0.64–1.51) | 0.80 (0.51–1.26) | 0.79 |
| Vegetables | ||||||
| Median, g/d | 25.4 | 47.9 | 70.3 | 98.6 | 153.7 | |
| Cerebral infarction | ||||||
| Cases, n | 593 | 570 | 534 | 549 | 456 | |
| Age-adjusted RR (95% CI)a | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 0.88 (0.78–0.99) | 0.89 (0.80–1.01) | 0.74 (0.65–0.83) | <0.001 |
| Multivariate RR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) | 0.75 (0.66–0.85) | <0.001 |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | ||||||
| Cases, n | 88 | 81 | 84 | 63 | 67 | |
| Age-adjusted RR (95% CI)a | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.67–1.22) | 0.94 (0.69–1.26) | 0.70 (0.50–0.97) | 0.74 (0.54–1.02) | 0.03 |
| Multivariate RR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.67–1.23) | 0.97 (0.72–1.32) | 0.73 (0.53–1.02) | 0.80 (0.58–1.11) | 0.10 |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | ||||||
| Cases, n | 45 | 38 | 43 | 33 | 37 | |
| Age-adjusted RR (95% CI)a | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.52–1.24) | 0.88 (0.58–1.34) | 0.65 (0.42–1.02) | 0.70 (0.45–1.08) | 0.09 |
| Multivariate RR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.49–1.17) | 0.83 (0.54–1.26) | 0.60 (0.38–0.95) | 0.62 (0.40–0.98) | 0.04 |
| Cereals | ||||||
| Median, g/d | 116.4 | 165.6 | 205.2 | 249.9 | 327.4 | |
| Cerebral infarction | ||||||
| Cases, n | 569 | 561 | 553 | 530 | 489 | |
| Age-adjusted RR (95% CI)a | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) | 0.89 (0.79–1.00) | 0.85 (0.75–0.95) | 0.78 (0.69–0.88) | <0.001 |
| Multivariate RR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) | 0.97 (0.85–1.10) | 0.93 (0.81–1.07) | 0.87 (0.74–1.03) | 0.08 |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | ||||||
| Cases, n | 94 | 82 | 84 | 65 | 58 | |
| Age-adjusted RR (95% CI)a | 1.00 | 0.81 (0.60–1.09) | 0.82 (0.61–1.10) | 0.63 (0.46–0.86) | 0.56 (0.41–0.78) | <0.001 |
| Multivariate RR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.63–1.16) | 0.88 (0.64–1.22) | 0.70 (0.48–1.01) | 0.64 (0.41–1.01) | 0.04 |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | ||||||
| Cases, n | 32 | 39 | 31 | 49 | 45 | |
| Age-adjusted RR (95% CI)a | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.73–1.85) | 0.91 (0.55–1.49) | 1.40 (0.90–2.19) | 1.27 (0.81–2.00) | 0.19 |
| Multivariate RR (95% CI)b | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.69–1.81) | 0.84 (0.50–1.42) | 1.24 (0.74–2.07) | 1.00 (0.54–1.84) | 0.91 |
a
Adjusted for age and supplementation group.
b
Adjusted further for number of cigarettes smoked daily, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, serum total cholesterol, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, histories of diabetes and coronary heart disease, leisure-time physical activity, and intakes of alcohol and total energy.