Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected participants
| HIV-uninfected (n = 322; 37.62%) | HIV-infected (n = 534; 62.38%) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) [mean (SD)] | 52.6 ± 7.8 | 48.9 ± 6.4 | <0.0001 |
| Race: White [n (%)] | 237 (73.6) | 324 (60.7) | 0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) [median (IQR)] | 26.0 (23.7, 29.1) | 25.1 (22.8, 27.7) | 0.0001 |
| HCV positive [n (%)] | 28 (8.7) | 93 (17.4) | 0.0006 |
| Nadir CD4 cell count (cells/μL) [median (IQR)] | – | 273 (163, 383) | – |
| CD4 cell count (cells/μL) [median (IQR)] | – | 510 (349, 693) | – |
| HIV RNA < 400 copies/mL [n (%)] | – | 358 (67.3) | – |
| CAC presence (%) | 29.0 | 34.6 | 0.09 |
| IMT (mm) [mean (SD)] | 0.77 (0.13) | 0.75 (0.15) | 0.0006 |
| Carotid lesion presence (%) | 22.8 | 23.5 | 0.82 |
| Diabetes prevalence (%) | 8.0 | 11.4 | 0.16 |
| Adjusted log HOMA-IR | 1.1 | 1.3 | <0.0001 |
| Current smoker [n (%)] | 87 (27.4) | 185 (35.2) | 0.02 |
| On lipid-lowering agent [n (%)] | 67 (20.8) | 125 (23.4) | 0.38 |
| LDL cholesterol [mean (SD)] (mg/dL) | 122.9 (35.6) | 112.4 (36.8) | 0.0003 |
| HDL cholesterol [mean (SD)] (mg/dL) | 49.7 (13.3) | 45.1 (14.1) | <0.0001 |
| LDL cholesterol ≥160 mg/dL [n (%)] | 36 (13.4) | 44 (10.5) | 0.26 |
| HDL cholesterol ≤40 mg/dL [n (%)] | 76 (23.8) | 209 (39.4) | <0.0001 |
| Age-adjusted mean T (ng/dL) | 596.9 | 606.2 | 0.68 |
| Age-adjusted mean FT (ng/dL) | 101.7 | 88.7 | 0.0004 |
| Age-adjusted mean SHBG (nmol/L) | 45.1 | 55.4 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) [mean (SD)] | 5.7 (1.0) | 5.4 (0.8) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension [n (%)] | 141 (48.4) | 186 (37.7) | 0.015 |
| Duration of HIV disease (days) [mean (SD)] | – | 3794 (2981) | – |
| Antiretroviral therapy | |||
| On antiretroviral therapy [n (%)] | – | 498 (93.3) | – |
| NRTI | |||
| Current NRTI* [n (%)] | – | 365 (69.1) | – |
| Ever NRTI [n (%)] | – | 469 (87.8) | – |
| Current ZDV [n (%)] | – | 113 (21.4) | – |
| Ever ZDV [n (%)] | – | 340 (63.7) | – |
| Current d4T [n (%)] | – | 59 (11.2) | – |
| Ever d4T [n (%)] | – | 282 (52.8) | – |
| PI | |||
| Current PI† [n (%)] | – | 214 (40.5) | – |
| Ever PI [n (%)] | – | 367 (68.7) | – |
| Current indinavir [n (%)] | – | 34 (6.4) | – |
| Ever indinavir [n (%)] | – | 172 (32.2) | – |
| Current ritonavir, high dose [n (%)] | – | 3 (0.6) | – |
| Ever ritonavir, high dose [n (%)] | – | 38 (7.1) | – |
| Current ritonavir, low dose [n (%)] | – | 159 (30.1) | – |
| Ever ritonavir, low dose [n (%)] | – | 228 (42.7) | – |
| Current lopinavir/ritonavir [n (%)] | – | 87 (16.5) | – |
| Ever lopinavir/ritonavir [n (%)] | – | 123 (23.0) | – |
| NNRTI | |||
| Current NNRTI‡ [n (%)] | – | 223 (42.2) | – |
| Ever NNRTI [n (%)] | – | 345 (64.6) | – |
BMI, body mass index; CAC, coronary artery calcium; FT, free testosterone; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IMT, intima-media thickness; IQR, interquartile range; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NNRTI, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; SHBG, sex-hormone binding globulin; SD, standard deviation; T, testosterone.
Zidovudine (ZDV), lamivudine, didanosine, stavudine (d4T), abacavir, emtricitabine or tenofovir;
Saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, fosamprenavir, lopinavir, atazanavir, darunavir or tipranavir;
Nevirapine, delavirdine or efavirenz.